Piece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Piece - Essay Example In spite of the fact that there are other minor scope ensembles credited to Mozart’s name however there are questions as to genuineness. In any case, Symphony Number Forty and Symphony Number Twenty Five are minor scope orchestras both legitimately ascribed to Mozart (Zaslaw). This paper will investigate Mozart’s history, his Symphony Number Forty regarding its verifiable setting and its depiction so as to draw out the subtleties in this extraordinary melodic piece. Mozart’s Life and Times It would not be unjustified to term Mozart as one of the main standards of Western traditional music. Mozart hailed from a period when Europe was overflowing with melodic action. Mozart was helped in his melodic undertakings at an early age by his family foundation. Wolfgang Mozart’s father, Leopold Mozart was a rehearsing performer and rushed to understand his son’s gifts right off the bat. Mozart was urged to take up music at an early age and had the option to f orm as right on time as five years of age. The most punctual showings by Mozart depended on the violin and the piano and this left a significant solid impact on the developing Mozart later. The early works of Mozart will in general spin around the violin and the piano in huge part particularly his concertos. ... Mozart moved into the Austrian capital and was soon en route to popularity despite the fact that Mozart’s monetary difficulties were a long way from being done. The productive character and the nature of Mozart’s work had the option to extend him into the spotlight in Vienna and around. Nonetheless, denying conditions, for example, the Austro Turk war from a similar period end up being a channel on the financial assets of Mozart’s supporters. Subsequently, Mozart wound up in a tough situation for quite a while. In the end, Mozart’s conditions started to recoup yet the incredible writer was before long guaranteed by a baffling disease. Wolfgang Mozart kicked the bucket in 1791 at age thirty five. Mozart’s inauspicious passing has been the subject of much theory throughout the years and a great many people consider his initial demise a misfortune to Western traditional music (Robbins). History of Symphony Number Forty The source of Symphony Number For ty has been followed to Mozart with validation. The ensemble was noted somewhere near Mozart in his own journal on July the 25th, 1788. It must be noticed that Symphony Number Forty hails from one of the most productive periods in Mozart’s life. The period wherein this orchestra was made comprised of just half a month yet works from this period by Mozart are hailed as magnum opuses in their own right (Deutsch). Orchestra Number Forty has gone under discussion for Mozart’s individual viewership. It has been contended that Mozart was always unable to hear his Symphony Number Forty performed during his lifetime. The time between the sythesis of Symphony Number Forty and Mozart’s passing is brief so it is contended that Mozart kicked the bucket before any huge exhibitions of Symphony Number Forty. Be that as it may, there are different reporters who reason that Mozart was involved with Symphony

Plastic Surgery Essays - Plastic Surgery, Ancient Egyptian Medicine

Plastic Surgery Plastic Surgery Individuals today are not happy with their physical appearance. Regardless of whether it is their weight, bosoms, facial structure, or rump, there is continually something they wish was extraordinary. Subsequently, numerous individuals go to make-up or push-up bras. Some feel that an alternate course is simpler, plastic medical procedure. An investigation done by the International Society of Esthetic Plastic Surgeons shows that, in 2011, 15 million individuals over the globe went to plastic medical procedure to improve their looks (Bates). Albeit numerous individuals go to plastic medical procedure for better physical appearance, it isn't the correct choice an individual needs to take. Plastic medical procedure costs a fortune and its an enslavement, causes ailments and conceivably passing, and it is a moderate recuperating process. Plastic medical procedure manages the fix, remaking, or substitution of physical imperfections of structure or capacity including the skin, musculoskeletal framework, hand, furthest points, bosom and trunk, outside genitalia or corrective improvement of these regions of the body(Kita). It may look very ideal to complete a plastic medical procedure and changing the structure or presence of your body part for ever, its methods as a rule cost a great deal of cash to complete it, so its not something that everybody can have, Its use is restricted to those having a place with the high echelons of the general public. Moreover, plastic medical procedure can possibly turn into a fixation. A few people who experience it become pulled in with the result and anticipate an adjustment in every single piece of their body. Accordingly, plastic medical procedure turns into a fixation for them, as opposed to only a methods for altering a body part. At the point when somebody does superfluous plastic medical procedure they start to look unusual which at that point prompts enslavement. The instance of 'modification' for example getting back the old look has become a typical marvel in the current occasions. This is fundamentally on the grounds that the consequence of the plastic medical procedure probably won't go as per your wants. Subsequently, an ever increasing number of patients are experiencing amendment, after the medical procedure, to get back their unique look. ...A few people experience the ill effects of a condition known as body dysmorphic scatter. People with this condition can be amazingly attractive, yet see themselves as revolting. They liken satisfaction with excellence. In this way, to accomplish an upbeat state, they experience rehashed corrective medical procedures. Lamentably, individuals with this issue are perpetually discontent with their appearance(Higuera). Demise can be brought about by plastic medical procedure. There are numerous dangers to know about like disease, nerve harm, scarring, and some more. Numerous famous people have kicked the bucket from plastic medical procedure. In spite of the fact that uncommon, plausibility of death can't be precluded during plastic medical procedure. The careful procedure includes use of synthetic substances and types of gear that are not reasonable for a people body. Unreasonable dying, coronary failure or even a drop in circulatory strain, while the medical procedure is going on, are a portion of the things that may prompt passing of the patient. All medical procedures convey a danger of contamination. At times, nerves might be harmed or cut off during any surgery. The outcome is increasingly self-evident, nonetheless, on the off chance that it is a facial nerve. At the point when those nerves are harmed, the result can be the failure to make outward appearances or hanging of the eyes (ptosis) o r mouth. Scarring is probably the most serious hazard to accomplishing an alluring result, scarring isn't generally unsurprising, however can be controlled much of the time. Scarring is a potential drawback of plastic medical procedure. These scars are thick and red, they as a rule dont blur like most careful scarring. Wounding and expanding for a while after the medical procedure are regularly hard to stow away, particularly when the work was done on the face. A hematoma is an assortment of blood outside of a blood vessel.it can create after medical procedure, this regularly brings about a territory being swollen and wounded in appearance, with a pocket of blood underneath. Sometimes, this is minor, however a hematoma can be sufficiently huge to cause torment and even diminishing blood move through the territory. On account of a huge hematoma, the specialist may decide to expel a portion of the gathered blood with a syringe or other comparative technique. The site of hematoma can introduce a firm

Strategy Of Oil Spill Disaster In The Gulf Of Mexico Essay

Methodology Of Oil Spill Disaster In The Gulf Of Mexico - Essay Example In the long stretch of April, the year 2010, a stage for deepwater boring in the Gulf, found fifty miles from the Louisiana coast inverted and sank because of a blast. A few endeavors to seal the top the all around kept on being purposeless requiring gigantic volumes of oil to spill and spread to the shores. The spills came to the extent the swamps Louisiana. The organization that was behind the oil-boring endeavor was the British Petroleum. The impacts of this fiasco are enormous and cut over a few areas extending from the economy to the natural supportability. The oil spillage undermined the work of in excess of 400 types of untamed life. The ocean creatures whose lives were most undermined incorporates fish, whales, and shrimps along with a few types of winged animals. The land creatures generally influenced by the calamity were the white-followed deer, dim fox a few creatures of land and water like the snapping turtle and the gator. The financial expenses emerging from the spillage in the Gulf were gigantic (The Daily Green 2010, p.1). For example, by June 2010, the administration had paid $ 62 million as pay cases to 26,500 the occupants in the Gulf of Mexico. Moreover, the back up plans will probably spend up to $ 1.5 billion in remuneration. Near 12, 000 inhabitants of Louisiana are currently jobless because of oil slicks in the Gulf (The Daily Green 2010, p.1). For example, by June 2010, the administration had paid $ 62 million as pay cases to 26,500 the inhabitants in the Gulf of Mexico. Furthermore, the safety net providers will probably spend up to $ 1.5 billion in pay. Near 12, 000 occupants of Louisiana are presently jobless because of oil slicks in the Gulf (The Daily Green 2010, p.1). This isn't the underlying time the British Petroleum industry has needed to face a catastrophe. A treatment facility that the organization possesses in the city of Texas encountered a monstrous blast in 2005.

The History of Algebra

The History of Algebra The thesis will talk about history of polynomial math, which would one say one is of most significant part of number juggling, the organizer of variable based math, implications of variable based math and its advantage in our day by day life, how we can learn and instruct in the most ideal manner? What is Algebra? Polynomial math is a part of arithmetic, as we probably am aware maths is sovereign of science, it assumes fundamental job of creating and thriving innovation, we utilize all degrees in past and recently, the variable based math isn't uncommon the maths. Variable based math is one of the principle zones of unadulterated science that utilizes scientific proclamations, for example, term, conditions, or articulations to relate connections between objects that change after some time. Here is a rundown of names who have added to the particular field of variable based math. Variable based math is seen by much number juggling with letters and a long authentic point of reference the reading material, extending back of the fourteenth century. As such it develops upon understanding and office with number juggling counts. It gives understudy aptitude to complete mathematical controls .a considerable lot of the which equal number juggling calculation. At any rate ,school variable based math is an assortment of scientific practices and system to be disguised and incorporated into students working ,at the most in its custom structure its manage the cost of look at a useful asset for demonstrating and in this manner settling issues, (page 559 jifa cai) Word Algebra The word variable based math is an abbreviated incorrectly spelled transliteration of an Arabic title al-jebr wal-muqabalah (around 825) by the Persian mathematician known as al-Khwarizmi [words, p. 21]. The al-jebr part implies gathering of broken parts, the second part al-muqabalah makes an interpretation of as to put before, to adjust, to restrict, to set equivalent. Together they portray image controls basic in polynomial math: consolidating like terms, moving a term to the opposite side of a condition, and so forth. In its English use, in the fourteenth century, algeber implied bone-setting, near its unique significance. By the sixteenth century, the structure variable based math showed up in its scientific importance. Robert Recorde (c. 1510-1558), the innovator of the image = of uniformity, was the first to utilize the term in this sense. He, be that as it may, in any case spelled it as algeber. The misspellers end up being progressively various, and the present spelling polynomial math took roots. In this way the first significance of variable based math alludes to what we today call basic polynomial math which is for the most part busy with tackling basic conditions. All the more for the most part, the term variable based math incorporates these days numerous different fields of science: geometric polynomial math, dynamic polynomial math, Boolean algebra,s-variable based math, to give some examples. Variable based math is an old and one of the most fundamental part of science, created by Muhammad Musa Al-Khwarizmi, and develop throughout the hundreds of years. The name polynomial math is itself of Arabic source. It originates from the Arabic word al-jebr. [1] http://www.cut-the-knot.org/WhatIs/WhatIsAlgebra.shtml The English developed the world (Kelly 1821-1895) polynomial math of frameworks and the examination (Paul 1815-1864) may have risen since 1854 and from this exploration Boolean variable based math, likewise showed up in 1881 types of workmanship to delineate the Boolean polynomial math, (availablhttp://www.jeddmath.com/vb/showthread.php?t=5330/15/052011). History of variable based math Ever, we locate some after mathematicians who have extraordinary commitments being developed of polynomial math. Cuthbert Tunstall Cuthbert Tunstall (1474 - 1559) was conceived in Hackforth, Yorkshire, England and kicked the bucket in Lambeth, London, England. He was a critical regal consultant, ambassador, and overseer, and he increased two degrees with extraordinary capability in Greek, Latin, and science. In 1522, he composed his originally printed work that was committed to science, and this number-crunching book De arte supputandi libri quattuor depended on Paciolis Suma. Robert Recorde Robert Recorde (1510-1558) was conceived in Tenby, Wales and kicked the bucket in London, England. He was a Welsh mathematician and doctor and in 1557, he presented the equivalents sign (=). In 1540, Recorde distributed the primary English book of variable based math The Grounde of Artes. In 1557, he distributed another book The Whetstone of Witte in which the equivalents sign was presented. John Widman John Widman (1462-1498) was conceived in Eger, Bohemia, as of now called Czech Republic and kicked the bucket in Leipzig, Germany. He was a German mathematician who first presented + and signs in quite a while number juggling book Behende und hupsche Rechnung auf Allen kauffmanschafft. Thomas Harriot Thomas Harriot (1560 - 1621) was conceived in Oxford, London and kicked the bucket in London England. He was a stargazer and mathematician, and organizer of the English school of variable based math. William Oughtred William Oughtred (1575-1660) was conceived in Eton, Buckinghamshire, England and passed on in Albury, Surrey, England. He was one of the universes incredible and officially prepared mathematicians. Oughtred, in his book Clavis Mathematicae included Hindu-Arabic documentation, decimal portions and investigated numerous new images, for example, ÃÆ'-,::, >, and John Pell John Pell (1611-1685) was conceived in Southwick, Sussex, England, and passed on in Westminster, London, England. Pells work was for the most part dependent on number hypothesis and variable based math. Pell distributed numerous books on arithmetic, for example, Idea of Mathematics in 1638 and the two page A Refutation of Longomontanuss Pretended Quadrature of the Circle in 1644. Reverend John Wallis John Wallis (1616-1703) was conceived in Ashford, Kent, England and kicked the bucket in Oxford, England. In 1656, Wallis distributed his most popular book Arithmetica Infinitorum in which he presented the equation/2 = (2.2.4.4.6.6.8.8.10)/(1.3.3.5.5.7.7.9.9). In another of his works, Treatise on Algebra, Wallis gives an abundance of data on polynomial math. John Herschel John Frederick William Herschel (1792-1871) was conceived in Slough, England and kicked the bucket in Kent, England. He was an extraordinary cosmologist who found Uranus. In 1822, he distributed his first work on stargazing, a little work to compute the shrouds of the moon. In 1824, he distributed his first significant work on twofold stars in the Transactions of the Royal Society. Charles Babbage Charles Babbage (1791 - 1871) was conceived in London, England and passed on in London, England. In 1821, Babbage had the Effect motor to incorporate tables of arithmetic. In 1856, he imagined Analytical Engine, which is a general image controller and like todays PCs. Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was conceived in Lincolnshire, England and passed on in London, England. He was an incredible physicist, mathematician, and one of the best logical brains ever. In 1672, he distributed his first work on light and shading in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. In 1704, Newtons chips away at unadulterated science was distributed and in 1707, his Cambridge addresses from 1673 to 1683 were distributed. ( http://www.barcodesinc.com/articles/variable based math history.htm) How is Algebra utilized in every day life? Consistently in our life and everywhere throughout the world we use Algebra numerous spots just as accounts, building, schools, and colleges we cannot do most degrees without maths.( It is very regular for a normal individual to perform basic Algebra without acknowledging it. For instance, in the event that you go to the market and have ten dollars to spend on two dollar pieces of candy. This gives us the condition 2x = 10 where x is the quantity of pieces of candy you can purchase. Numerous individuals dont understand that this kind of computation is Algebra; they take care of business). (http://wiki.answers.com and http://wiki.answers.com) Different Definitions Polynomial math is the pieces of science where numbers and letters are utilized like A B or X and Y, or different images are utilized to speak to obscure or variable numbers. For models : in A +5 = 9, An is obscure, yet we can tackle by taking away 5 to the two sides of the equivalent sign (=), like this: A+5 = 9 A+ 5 = 9 5 A +0 = 4 A = 4 3b+12=15 take away the two sides 12 3b+12-12=15-12 3b=3 gap the two sides 3 to get the estimation of b which is 1, etc 5x/5x=1 on the off chance that you substitute x any number not zero the condition will be valid (Polynomial math is part of science that substitutes letters for numbers. An arithmetical condition speaks to a scale, what is done on one side of the scale with a number is likewise done to the opposite side of the scale. The numbers are the constants. Polynomial math can incorporate genuine numbers, complex numbers, lattices, vectors and so on. Moving from Arithmetic to Algebra will look something like this: Arithmetic: 3 + 4 = 3 + 4 in Algebra it would resemble: x + y = y + ) artical http://math.about.com/cs/variable based math/g/algebradef.htm Wording utilized in variable based math to make variable based math simple or some other parts of maths, we should see well all fundamental sign in all activities and use it right way, these signs are , deductions ,division, expansion ,increase. variable is likewise called an obscure and can be spoken to by letters from the letter set letters. Tasks in variable based math are equivalent to in number juggling: expansion, deduction, augmentation and division. An articulation is a gathering of numbers and factors, alongside activities. A condition is the equity of two articulations. (Polynomials are frequently sent in plunging request, in which the terms with the biggest forces are composed first (like 92 3x + 6). In the event that they are composed with the littlest terms showing up first, this is rising request (like 6 3x + 92). condition A condition is a scientific explanation that contains an equivalent sign, similar to hack out + b = c. example A type is a force that a number is raised to. For instance, in 23, the example is 3. articulation An arithmetical articulation comprises of at least one factors, constants, and tasks, as 3x-4. Each piece of an articulation that is included or deducted is known as a term For instance, the articulation 42-2x+7 has three terms. factor The factor of a number is a number that separates that number precisely. For instance, the variables of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6. recipe An equation shows a numerical connection between articulations. division A portion is a piece of an entire, similar to a hal

Make Sure That Your Essay Is Quality by Looking at Online Essay Examples For GRE

Make Sure That Your Essay Is Quality by Looking at Online Essay Examples For GREAn easy way to start a writing assignment is to turn to an online essay examples for GRE. Some of the best writing solutions available can be found in one of these websites. You should note that they should have only original samples. You do not want to get plagiarized writings.The problem with most GRE practice questions is that they are going to use the same contents from previous exams, so you can expect that the entire essay will sound the same as it used to. That means that you have to ensure that the samples provided by the website are original. Using a sample from a former exam will give you more confidence when it comes to tackling the next one.When it comes to essay, it is good to know the difference between correct and incorrect writing. Using examples will help you establish a pattern for writing. It will also teach you how to maintain your sentences and paragraphs, even if you find them hard t o follow.If you are still new to the world of GRE writing, it would be wise to spend some time on the site. It is important to see how the guidelines are set. It is even better if you can provide your own sample. The more practice you can get, the better you will become.It is quite surprising how many people take the test because they do not really know how it works. There is a great variety of topics to cover and a great deal of exercises in different topics. In addition, it is possible to advance in terms of rank through the ranking lists, which includes those on the verbal section and the math section. Of course, it is still important to make sure that you cover all of the topics that are on the test.If you are in need of some writing tips, it would be good to look at some of the GRE sample question that have been featured on the website. There are other topics that you can expect to see here as well. You will be able to find some tips on proper grammar as well as what to do when answering the essay questions.There are many professional writers who create the online essays. You should not be afraid to look at their work. They have a lot of experience and can offer you excellent advice. It is always wise to get your hands on original writing samples to use on paper.You can find a large number of website to find the online essay examples for GRE. However, the best one is the site where the authors are allowed to publish their sample for free. So you can try out the samples yourself. If you are unable to find it, you can always try to download it.

Upstream supply of of chain relations - Free Essay Example

CARDS FOR YOU CASE STUDY: UPSTREAM SUPPLY CHAIN RELATIONS IN A COLLABORATIVE, INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT The challenge with companies seems to be in growth and how to handle relationships with sales people and suppliers. In the case of Cards For You (referred to in this paper as C4U), the company’s growing pains have become more evident in recent years as the popularity of the cards have grown as has the competitive pressures from other companies that are saturating the market. Going forward, C4U needs assistance in addressing a number of areas – from sales and marketing to supply chain management – to address uncertainty in demand, supplies availability, and competitive responses. Working with their local suppliers, C4U might be able to find ways to address the industry challenges and customer pressures without sacrificing quality while improving response time, operational efficiencies, and costs through a collaborative, integrated supply chain relati onship. This essay examines the current processes used with suppliers, highlights other systems utilised by companies in similar markets, and offers recommendations for improvements that will sustain the same level of quality, delivery, and service that have been hallmarks of C4U. Current supply chain management process Currently, C4U uses local suppliers that are small firms. Usually, specialised firms such as this rely on suppliers that deal in smaller qualities due to the unique nature of the supplies, which in this case include paper, card stock, ink and silk thread. John, one of the owners, finds that these suppliers can guarantee a better quality than a bulk wholesaler who may not be able to match the quality of the craftsmanship put into the specialty cards. The major problem with small suppliers is that they may not have enough of the supplies C4U needs on hand to produce the demand that they want to achieve by focusing on additional customer segments as well as broadening their product range. This strategy might not work with local suppliers because they may not be able to provide the supplies necessary for the additional products. In addition, there is the issue of costs. By using small, local suppliers, they must deal with a higher cost for these supplies. All indications point to the fact that these costs are destined to keep increasing. Both Stan and John are currently weighing the options to drop these local suppliers and develop relationships with larger, national suppliers. This raises the question of how close a company should be both geographically and relationship-wise with their suppliers. C4U’s reliance on local suppliers might be out of commitment to helping the local economy, but their kindness may be affecting the viability and success of their own business. C4U’s current supplier relationship can be described as an integrated relationship in which there are shared risks, costs, profits and information be cause the nature of what C4U makes is demanding and sophisticated (Mould and Starr 2000). If the supplier does not have the materials, then C4U cannot make the cards, drastically impacting both C4U and the suppliers that benefit from the company’s success. Background on upstream supply chain relations The primary goal of any supply chain is to more effectively coordinate supply activities with its partners while reducing the uncertainty of demand, supplies availability, and competitive response through better planning and communication. This involves the need for all levels of management to participate in tracking and responding to the â€Å"dynamics of demand and supply,† which â€Å"significantly impacts profit, service and inventories† (Donovan 2005). Generally, a company’s supply chain is affected by a number of factors, including economic environments, technology, competitive forces, and social and cultural changes that impact consumer and busi ness trends (Fill and Fill, 2005). Most importantly, today’s organisations seem driven by consumers whose demands determine success (Fill and Fill, 2005). Additionally, these forces then affect strategic decisions with product, price, promotion and place – also known as the four P’s of marketing (New and Westbrook 2004). All four of these â€Å"Ps† are dependent on the relationship that a company has with their suppliers. For example, the quality and price of the materials are based on the actions of the source of those supplies. In the case of C4U, they are concerned that selecting new suppliers will adversely affect the quality but most likely improve price competitiveness. As part of the supply chain management process, logistics is imperative to C4U’s operations. In this aspect of supply chain management, there is considerable planning and implementation of how the supplies and final product is made and stored (Fill and Fill 2005). Balanc ing an overall understanding of supply and demand in the consumer marketplace enables a company to effectively communicate with suppliers to ensure prompt delivery of the necessary supplies to respond to that demand. For example, C4U logistics management would want to plan accordingly for holidays where the demand for cards increases exponentially. Suppliers, in turn, whether the local companies or those which deal in larger quantities, should be prepared to handled this demand. Industry challenges Companies are faced with a host of challenges that have them feeling intense pressure and searching for new strategies (Gorbach 2006). The list is extensive: â€Å"dynamic market needs, increased compliance requirements, more distributed manufacturing operations, rapid product innovation, lean manufacturing, and the approaching transition to new IT technology† (Gorbach 2006). Many of these challenges touch on areas that C4U is examining in various aspects of their business. Overall, manufacturers have boiled down their challenges to three key issues with their suppliers. These issues are less service with increasing costs, lack of sales talent, and wholesaler-distributors that do not â€Å"execute a value-added strategy† (Dancer 2007). Customers are â€Å"demanding perfection in quality, quick on-time delivery and better pricing† (Donovan 2005). In many ways, C4U has experienced all of these challenges in their current supplier relationships. For companies that manufacture products, such as C4U, their priority remains excellence in performance. This is â€Å"characterized by the ability to react quickly to changing marketplace conditions, to dynamically reflect these changes in production targets, and to efficiently and reliably achieve these targets. It also requires ongoing cost reductions and quality improvements† (Gorbach 2006). For nearly every company out there, addressing and solving these industry challenges is a somew hat daunting task. Recommended relationship with suppliers Researchers are concluding more often than not that â€Å"building high-performing supply chains is increasingly dependent on the strength of the social ties that exist between buyer and their key suppliers† (Lawson et. al. 2007). There are a number of reasons why relationships are really the foundation of a successful supply chain. First and foremost is the increase in pressure from competitive forces and from consumers or other constituents (Trent 2005). There is also a need to work with a smaller base of suppliers due to the costs of maintaining multiple suppliers, the probability for duplication of effort, and lack of efficiencies (Trent 2005). Buyers who take an â€Å"adversarial approach† to working with their suppliers will find â€Å"their suppliers increasing prices, allocating limited capacity to other firms, or sharing their most innovative ideas with other customers – some of whom may be the buyers’ direct competitors† (Trent 2005). At the same time, those suppliers may have a dependence on their buyers to maintain a profitable level of business. Because the whole concept of supply chain management is based on inter-dependence between steps that involve both the manufacturer and supplier, there seems to be a need for both parties to develop a close relationship in order to achieve each other’s objectives (New and Westbrook 2004). For any company, relationships with their suppliers â€Å"ought to be dictated by operating and marketing conditions; this framework can define the appropriate relationship – the foundations of intimacy, if you will – for each component supplier† (Mould and Starr 2000). Both the suppliers and the company that uses their supplies have roles to fulfil. For the supplier, they must be accountable for looking to constantly improve their part in the supply chain or be on notice that they could be replaced. (Fill and Fill 2005). For the company that uses their supplies, they are expected to better estimate their supply intake and communicate clearly with the supplier on that expectation (Fill and Fill 2005). However, companies can develop this intimacy of processes (Fill and Fill 2005) without having to be in close geographic proximity to each other. Technology has made this possible. There are some challenges with this strategy in that there has to be an incredible level of integration, greater scalability, and seamless processing in order to achieve a flawless execution of supplies delivery (Fill and Fill 2005). The amount of technology may be a huge investment burden of C4U and it might be more plausible to spend some on technology to modernise its local suppliers to better maintain the right level of materials to quickly respond to C4U’s demands. Collaboration and Socialization Collaboration is a necessary component of the supplier relationship because it is a way â€Å"for everyone in the supply chain to increase market share through quick response to customer’s needs† and the â€Å"flow through the entire supply chain is the critical success factor† (Donovan 2005). As one researcher noted, â€Å"Collaboration demands not only a commitment of resources but also the sharing of proprietary information†¦.The information exchanged during collaboration may be the most valuable investment a company makes in the relationship† (Mould and Starr 2000). This collaboration requires investment in metrics to measure the progress, alignment of processes, and dedication on both sides to the effort (Mould and Starr 2000). Having an integrated relationship makes C4U and its suppliers a perfect choice for the collaborative method of supply chain relationships. This collaboration can also be seemed a socialization between the buyer of supplies and the suppliers. There are a number of aspects that present a positive c onclusion on forming this type of relationship: Investments in socialization mechanisms produce a bank of benefits and goodwill that have the potential to generate ‘hard’ benefits to buyers, such as reduced supply chain costs, greater flexibility, and reduced new product development time. In return for the benefits of improved performance and joint value creation, suppliers are willing to work more efficiently due to more concise and accurate information sharing, responsive technical assistance, joint improvements in training, process control, and direct investment in supplier operations (Lawson et. al. 2007). As such, it may be necessary for the two companies to share a deeper, more intimate degree of information in order for the collaboration to be more effective. This may included planning and forecasting data, capacity, production schedules, marketing plans, costs and inventory (Mould and Starr 2000). The objective of collaborative demand planning is â€Å"to develop better forecasts of customer needs faster with consistent updating which should result in a more coordinated supply and shorter cycle response times† (Donovan 2005). At the same time that there is sharing, there should be firm boundaries to establish roles and responsibilities (Lawson et. al. 2007). Collaboration must also be analyzed and critically challenged before it is implemented with suppliers because â€Å"it is still neither feasible nor desirable to collaborate with all upstream and downstream supply chain participants† (Mould and Starr 2000). As one supply chain expert noted, â€Å"A major part of supplier relationship management is differentiating supplier relationships and understanding when and where to apply an appropriate relationship† (Trent 2005). This philosophy of collaboration should be shared or it is not the right tact to take. It is also critical to not get too close to suppliers because too much closeness â€Å"may diminish th ese competitive incentives with friendly suppliers receiving favourable terms† (Lawson et. al. 2007), leading to the opposite effect where there are no efficiencies and advantages to using that particular supplier. Maintaining quality and prompt delivery If C4U does decide to opt for larger suppliers outside of the local community, careful examination of these suppliers can help ensure that the same level of quality is possible while achieving cost savings and improved delivery of supplies. Companies, such as McDonald’s have been able to turn to suppliers all over the world without compromising its exacting quality standards. However, the risks with loss of quality are too much for a company like C4U to withstand if they cannot ensure the same level as a company like McDonald’s might do. The concern that quality might be lost is really the crux of the company’s supply chain dilemma and almost more important then the materials cost issue. This idea ci rcles back to a company like C4U’s primary objective of performance excellence. Maintaining the ensured level of quality can be better achieved by sticking with the company’s local suppliers. The issue of prompt deliver remains a challenge but might be addressed through benchmarking best-in-class supply chains that offer viable solutions for C4U to consider. Benchmarking the best In looking for the right solution for C4U’s issues, it never hurts to examine and benchmark the best practices of other successful supply chains. This strategy enables a company to implement changes that could improve their performance and competitive edge without wondering if they are doing more harm then good (Vitasek and Manrodt 2006). This is because they are incorporating proven strategies from other companies where the processes are in action and working to create â€Å"a strategic, operational, and financial advantage (Vitasek and Manrodt 2006). Impact on end user sales If the quality of the product was affected by a switch to an overseas supplier, it could drastically affect the company’s card sales. Consumers who recognize the value of the cards due to their beauty and quality by making the decision to pay nearly twice the cost of another brand of card may be offended by an obvious change in the materials used that they decide to stop buying the cards. Once this happens, it is too late for C4U to switch back to the higher quality supplies because the consumer will not return to notice that the quality has returned. The risk of losing a large portion of the customer base to save on supplies may not be worth it. However, if the company focuses on improving response time and materials availability with its current suppliers while forming new relationships with other suppliers that can expand C4U’s product line, the company may garner additional market share and sustain its collaborative relationship with its local suppliers. Other recommendations Again, the recommendation lies in improving current supplier relations. Since suppliers are broken down into three categories – third-tier suppliers that supply raw materials, such as the paper, card stock, ink, and thread; second-tier suppliers that provide subcomponents; and first-tier suppliers that provide complete components (Fill and Fill 2005), a company like C4U that relies primarily on third-tier suppliers has a better chance of securing better pricing while maintaining quality since the end-result quality is based more on the production of the cards which will remain in-house. The overall recommendation, then, is to consider building relationships with some suppliers outside of the local area with a certain percentage of the raw materials for the product segments that require the company to retail the cards at a lower price. The more suppliers the better is not necessarily the best philosophy so it is best that C4U does not go overboard i n forming relationships with any and every raw materials supplier. Perhaps, C4U would be best served to only seek out these new suppliers when expanding their product line into other areas that do not match the expertise of their current suppliers. With the current suppliers, further planning for greater inventory will help address C4U’s unexpected need for additional materials instead of having a just-in-time mentality in which only a smaller company could effectively function. Utilising an e-procurement system might help suppliers more effectively respond to C4U when there is an unexpected need. When needed, C4U could use an e-marketplace to purchase supplies that they are short on for an attractive price, filling a need for extra materials on as-needed basis. One other option would be to tighten the relationship with current suppliers by vertically integrate with them to gain greater control over the supplies. This would basically mean that C4U would buy those suppli ers in order to own the materials, gaining better pricing and reliability (Fill and Fill 2005). Other recommendations involve utilising major advances in technology that allow organisations to better collaborate with their suppliers through a more rapid information exchange. Examples include â€Å"investments in new electronic technology, such as the meta-data system language XML, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and supply chain software† (Mould and Starr 2000). The last two recommendations point to the fact that both â€Å"electronic communication and physical proximity are useful for scheduling just-in-time component shipments, reducing inventory carrying costs and keeping the supply chain flexible (Mould and Starr 2000). This collaborative environment and closeness can provide a number of measurable benefits, smooth process flows, decreased lead times and reduced inventories while more effectively integrating such processes as â€Å"order fulfilment, materials manageme nt, operational planning, product design, and feedback on quality and performance† (Mould and Starr 2000). Overall conclusions Because C4U management does not have the experience to truly understand the strategic process, the company executives must really consider bringing in people who can help them understand how to build a better supply chain management system. These experts can help C4U build a stronger bond with their current suppliers by forming a collaborative relationship that is enhanced through technology, communication, and process integration but is guarded by the establishment of agreed-upon boundaries. Careful thought should be given to working with new suppliers on expanded product offerings that the local suppliers might not be able to provide the necessary supplies. Above all, quality is one of the most important values and competitive advantages that C4U provides, so it is not prudent that the company risk that with unknown suppliers that might have cut-rate pricing but poor quality as well. Combining the best of other companies who have proven best-in-class supply chains with an open, collaborative environment with current suppliers will be a win-win for both C4U and its local suppliers who rely on the company for employment in a struggling local economy. Consumers will benefit from continued quality and the possibility of new and exciting product lines from a unique and distinct company. All changes within the supply chain must be aligned with a strategy that also addresses issues that the company has in terms of sales, channel management, and marketing communications. Integrating all these areas in a sound business strategy will help C4U flourish and continue to grow its sales in a market that had recently become somewhat saturated. REFERENCES Dancer, M. (2007). Reinvigorate your supplier relationships, Modern Distribution Management Newsletter. Donovan, R. M. (2005). E-supply chain management: managing the exte nded enterprise, Performance Improvement, pp. 1-10. Fill, C. and Fill, K.E. (2005). Business to Business Marketing: Relationship, Systems, and Communication, London: FT Prentice Hall. Gorbach, G. (2006). Pursuing manufacturing excellence through real-time performance management and continuous improvement, ARC Advisory Group, pp. 1-19. Lawson, B. et. al. (2007). Good fences, good neighbours? Socialization in buyer-seller relationships, The University of Manchester Supply Chain Management Research Group, Manchester Business School, pp.1-6. Mould, T.L. and Starr, C.E. (2000). Dangerous liaisons, Accenture, pp. 57-61. New, S. and Westbrook, R. (Eds.) (2004), Understanding Supply Chains, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Trent, R.J. (2005). Why relationships matter, Supply Chain Management Review. Vitasek, K. and Manrodt, K. (2006). Benchmarking – prerequisite for building best-in-class supply chains, ProLogis Supply Chain Review, pp. 1-11.

Mark Mandela, Martin Luther King, Jr., And Mohandas Gandhi

In previous world confrontations, violence has proven to be the key to success, however this is not always the case for many great world leaders have used the strategy known as civil disobedience and other non harmful acts. With these strategies the leaders were able to successfully achieve their goal. Non-violence comes in many different forms such as, boycotts, freedom rides, sit-ins and marches. One other form of non-violence is to intentionally disobey the law in a calm and peaceful manner. Non-violence has attained many leaders goals in different eras. However, three of the most popular leaders used this strategy to influence the world were: Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr., and Mohandas Gandhi. These men were three of the most influential leaders to use the non-violence strategy. Gandhi was the first man to use this strategy in his birthplace of India when they went in a battle with the British to fight for Indian independence. Gandhi believed that the people of India des erved to be their own person and have their own personality without the consent of the British. He believed that they should be able to make their own political choices and dress the way they wanted to without the British telling them what to do and how to do it. Nelson Mandela practiced the non-violence strategy during the South African struggle to overthrow Apartheid. He joined the ANC, (African National Congress) in hope of a new future. That led to the start of his involvement in the SouthShow MoreRelatedMohandas Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, and Martin Luther King Jr. were True Inspirations608 Words   |  2 PagesA man known as the â€Å"father of the Indian nation†, Mohandas Gandhi, also known as Mahatma, was a man of true inspiration. He inspired well known civil-rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela, and also revolutionary scientist Einstein. Gandhi was well known for using peaceful methods such as peace marches, boycotts, and sit-ins. Most people could call Gandhi the father of peace, for it was he who help the world recognize the effectiveness of non-violence. Gandhi’s peaceful ideals helpRead MoreTop 10 Greatest Leaders of all Time1615 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen described as â€Å"a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task†. This way a leader can decide what work goes in and goes out. Good leaders in history have left a mark in walks of life. But great leaders, they’re different. Great leaders have the ability to make each and every individual re-think their life decisions and choices by merely living by good principles. A leader cannot preach kindness and be unkindRead MoreIndi The Civilization Of India2271 Words   |  10 PagesKnown to be the land of epics and legends, two of the world’s greatest epics find their birth in Indian settings - the Ramayana, depicting the exploits of lord Ram, and the Mahabharta detailing the war between Kauravas and Pandavas, both descendants of King Bharat. Ramayana traces lord Ram’s journey from exile to the rescue of his wife Sita from the evil clutches of Ravana with the help of his simian companions. Singing the virtues of Dharma (duty), the Gita, one of the most priced scriptures in IndianRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTwentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri 213 7 The Technopolitics of Cold War: Toward a Transregional Perspective †¢ Gabrielle Hecht and Paul N. Edwards 271 8 A Century of Environmental

Cultural The Czech Republic Understanding Cultural...

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Brief Discussion of Czech’s Beer History Indeed, Czech has a long history of beer brewing estimated at more than a thousand years. Earliest evidence of a brewery in Czech was discovered a few years ago by historians and it is now nearly certain that it was founded in 993 at Brevnov Monastery in Prague. However, before the confirmation of that date, reference to brewing in Czech was thought to be in 1088 when the use of hops for brewing was first mentioned by Vratislav II. It is also worth noting that much of the early beer was brewed usingShow MoreRelatedGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 PagesGLOBALIZATION AND IT EFFECTS ON CULTURAL INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC. INTRODUCTION I. AN OVERVIEW. With the growing standards of the world and the existing concepts and complexities in political, economic and socio-cultural ideologies, man has always and continuously pondered over the aspects of his nature. 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Informal Essay on My Advice to Freshmen

Informal Essay on My Advice to Freshmen My Advice to Freshmen So, you’ve decided to enter college and succeeded to do it – that’s great! I hope that you are proud of yourself, as you’ve done a great job and so much is waiting for you in future! In this essay I want to present a couple of useful tips that will make your adaptation to college life easier and more pleasant. First of all, you had better forget the order of life that is familiar to you from school. In college no one will force you to study if you don’t want to. But in case you don’t study, you will just get expelled and will lose a considerable amount of time. But is it what you strived for? I don’t think so. In the beginning the overall situation in college will seem strange for you, but the most important thing here is not to get lost and not to get scared. The initial stage of adaptation is hard whenever you change it significantly; thus, you can consider college to be your first adaptation rehearsal. Always ask questions; especially ask your professors so as not to make extra mistakes. In this way your teachers will see your desire to study and they will definitely like it. As for your classmates, they will also perceive it in the right way if you are self-confident enough to explain them who you are and why you want to study. On the whole, self-confidence is one of the main traits of character, without which a person just cannot achieve anything worthwhile in his life. But don’t worry if you don’t feel in this way when entering college. I am sure that this trait will be properly trained in the course of your studying here. On balance, I want to

Gun Control Controls Nothing Essays - 2560 Words

More and more frequently, we are saddened by the news of mass shootings. Whether it takes place in a school or public area, these shootings are both disastrous and mortifying. Families begin to feel anger and sadness, and demand immediate justice. Although these terrible events continue to happen, there have been no significant steps taken towards the reduction in the number of weapons; specifically assault rifles. This leads one to question do we need to ban the right to possess such weapons? If the possession of these weapons is not made illegal, we run the risk of another attack. While there is no questioning the severity of these mass shootings, a ban on assault rifles is not the answer because they are not the cause of such events,†¦show more content†¦The bill definitely has good intentions, but the fact of the matter is that these shootings are anomalies. Since 2006, there have only been six cases in which ten or more people were killed in a given shooting (USA Today) . Therefore, these are not common events. At less than once per year for the last seven years, it is something that might even go unnoticed had there not been a great deal of news coverage following such events. To add to that, out of the 231 mass killings in the United States in the last seven years, only a mere thirty-two of these cases have been due to guns (USA Today). This means that there are many more important issues than assault rifles when it comes to the prevention of mass shootings. One of the main issues with mass shootings is not the guns but the people who wield the guns. In the United States, less than six percent of people are considered to have â€Å"serious† mental disorders (National Institute of Mental Health). Less than one percent of that number would even be at the risk of committing as catastrophic a crime as a mass shooting. This is the type of person who would do such a thing. Again, this is not common at all. 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Charles Darwin s Views On Evolution And Evolution

Mutual exclusivity is a concept that pertains to two or more events, in which the occurrence of one, precludes the occurrence of the other. Creationism and evolution are two notions that can be viewed as mutually exclusive or non-mutually exclusive, depending on the evidence that you are provided with as well as one’s personal beliefs. In order to appreciate this concept it is important to understand the meanings of both opposing arguments. Creationism is the belief that the universe and living creatures originate from specific acts of divine creation, as is seen in the Bible, rather than by natural processes such as evolution. Evolution, on the other hand, is the process by which different kinds of living organisms are believed to have advanced from earlier forms during the history of planet earth. This is a highly controversial topic and has attracted the attention of many famous scientists looking to disprove creationism and prove evolution. One of the most famous being Charles Darwin. A popular synonym for evolution is the word â€Å"Darwinism†, therefore showing that Charles Darwin was a fully committed believer of the theory of evolution. The evidence behind the evolution theory depicts the earth to be around four and a half billion years old. It also clearly states that all life on earth evolved from primitive, single celled organisms. In 1859 Charles Darwin published his novel â€Å"The Origin of Species† which is suggestive against creationism and for natural selection.Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Science And Technology1454 Words   |  6 Pagesscience. Science is crucial because it has helped form the world that we live in today. Charles Robert Darwin was an English geologist and naturalist, best known for his significant addition to the science of evolution. 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While Darwin was still in high school, his main interest was nature, he was especially interested in beetles. Darwin’s father, Robert Darwin, who was best known as the father of the naturalist Charles Darwin, wanted Charles to become a doctor. Due to lack on interest in the medicine field, Charles went into Cambridge

In The Mouth of The Whale free essay sample

I sat on an uneven tooth that bit into the flesh of my legs; the roof of the cavernous mouth loomed above, threatening to chomp down at a moment’s notice. This was the mouth of the whale, my private place for personal reflection. A place where everything was symbolic, where nothing happened by chance. Protected by massive rocks and surrounded by deep waters no one could disturb my tranquility. I turned to the rocks to my right. In a small cavity on the tooth was a pool of water where a spider lay dying. He flailed his small, hairy legs once or twice weakly then his grew still. I assumed the worst. During my lifetime of arachnophobia I had slain hundreds of his cousins, I was a feared figure in the order of araneae. I turned and watched the sea as it flowed over my feet. A few minutes later my curiosity drew me back to the pool. We will write a custom essay sample on In The Mouth of The Whale or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The spider now stood proudly by the waterside, defiantly he flung drops of dew from his legs. I may have judged this spider too early; I set my anti-spiderist tendencies aside for a moment so I could focus on what it had to teach. I watched the spider intently as it cleaned itself. His legs worked furiously to rid itself of water. Every minute or so it would move a few inches; regaining his bearings as he continued his cleaning. He turned and faced me for a second before he flipped around and began his long journey out of the mouth of the whale. He scuttled in and out of depressions, over rocky outcroppings thousands of times larger than himself, sidestepping pebbles half his size until he reached the whale’s stony lips. Then he turned around one more time. His many eyes took one last look at me, my body reflected and compounded a hundred times in its vision, before he disappeared forever. I sat and meditated; my only thought the sound of the ocean, the biting of the rocks was forgotten and the sand had long since warmed. Inhale, exhale. Inhale, exhale. Inhale†¦ then I understood. The spider was me. I had been drowning in a deep polluted pool for half a year. As I sunk deeper and deeper into its fathomless depths I began gasping for air. All I had found, for months and months, was the polluted drink that had been my prison. It burned as it passed through my throat but it burned so good. As I gulped the drink down it had corrupted me from the inside out, it had destroyed me. Then one day I washed up on the shore of the pool. I coughed and coughed, blind and soaked. But slowly I cleaned myself off, regained my focus, detoxified my body. It was not an easy task. Before I stumbled into the mouth of the whale I was a shell of who I had once been. I could not enjoy my day-to-day life. Once I had the ability to look adversity in the eye and laugh in its face, I was able to make light of the worst situations and cheer up others even in my worst depressions. I’d often cheer myself up in the process. But then I began to drown in that toxic pool and every little misfortune became a cataclysmic life-shattering torment. My friends couldn’t stand me anymore (I don’t blame them, I wasn’t being myself). They were used to a man who took abuse with a smile, not a sad sack of sorrow draining all positive vibes from a room. They wondered why the man who was once able to achieve whatever he set himself to, who could leap over every hurdle thrown before him, was now a doormat unable to assert his wants and needs. I was a wet wanderer without direction. But I found my way into the mouth of the whale. I explored its rough edges and learned its many lessons. I was reborn on its rough, wet, sandy tongue. But there was one more lesson I had to learn. I was the spider. It was time to leave the mouth of the whale, reborn.

Unemployment in Pakistan free essay sample

We dedicate this research report to our parents, to whom we owe everything that life has given us And to our inspirational instructor,†¦ Without whose guidance and encouragement all this would not have been possible. Contents Introduction03 The Historical Perspective05 Causes of Unemployment06 Impacts on Pakistani Society07 Data Analysis09 Remedies14 Conclusion16 Bibliography16 INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS †¢ ‘The unavailability of jobs for the inhabitants of a society is called unemployment’. In economics‘One who is willing to work at a prevailing wage rate yet is unable to find a paying job is considered to be unemployed’. TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT There are seven main types of unemployment. 1. CYLINDRICAL When there is not enough aggregate demand for the labor. 2. FRICTIONAL When moving from one job to another, the unemployment temporarily experienced when looking for a new job. 3. STRUCTURAL Experienced when the structure of an industry or skill demand s changes in mainly: 1. Switching from a declining industry to a rapidly growing one. We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment in Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Pace of change in the tastes of people. 3. Regional structure of industry. 4. TECHNOLOGICAL Caused by the replacement of workers by machines or other advanced technology. 5. CLASSICAL When real wage for a job are set above the market-clearing level, commonly government (as with the minimum wage) or unions, although some (such as Murray Roth bard,) suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to the market clearing level. 6. MARXIAN When unemployment is needed to motivate workers to work hard and to keep wages down, to preserve profitability. 7. SEASONAL When an industry only is in demand certain times. For example, construction work, certain segments of agriculture, ski slopes, shopping mall Santas, and snow plow services. CATEGORIES OF UNEMPLOYMENT 1. Unemployment of unskilled or semi-skilled. 2. Rural unemployment. 3. Unemployment of educated young. Unemployment of women. 4. Industrial unemployment 5. Temporary or seasonal unemployment. THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The Historical perspective on unemployment is very interesting. In fact, it has at times been called one of the causes of the collapse of Roman Empire. This shows that the issue is not new to mankind. But for a third world country like Pakistan, the perspective is even more interesting. When Pakistan was made in 1947, the country had not much of an industrial infrastructure and agriculture was the back bone of the economy. More than 70% of the population was associated with agriculture. But as time went on a few major problems started taking heavy toll. CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT There are three broad groups of causes. [pic] Natural Rate of Unemployment Due to various reasons no country can achieve 100% employment. There always exists a minimum rate of unemployment which is around 3-4 %. It is called natural rate of unemployment. This inevitable unemployment occurs because some people are searching employment. They are new young men and women entering job market. There is some structural unemployment which occurs because some old industries are dying e. g. handloom weavers, cart men, village blacksmith etc. have to shift to new jobs. Some people are unemployed due to seasonal nature of their work. Demand –Deficient Unemployment This occurs because either there is depression in economy, or because development of industries and other sectors of economy is slower than the rate of increase of population. Aggregate demand may also fall due to political disturbances and factories may close down. Government may also decrease its expenditure. Excessive-Wage Unemployment When workers are demanding too high real wages, there will be unemployment There are many other causes as well: OTHER CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT Poverty Poverty and unemployment are twins. A poor person has fewer chances of finding employment or creating self-employment. And on the other hand, poverty is the destiny of unemployed. Rapid Population Growth Pakistan’s population is rising fast. Growth rate of our population is 2% which is one of the highest in the world. About a million new people are entering the job market each year. On the other side expansion in the employment opportunities is not enough to absorb all the new job seekers. Scarcity of Capital Capital is needed to put people to work. Employment opportunities cannot be expanded unless tools, equipment and materials are available in sufficient quantity. But there is serious shortage of capital in Pakistan. Capital is created through investment. However, due to our limited saving capacity, rate of investment remains low. Mechanization of Agriculture and Automation in Manufacturing Due to increased use of machinery in agriculture, rural population is getting unemployed. A tractor and tube well displaces scores of people. The surplus agricultural labor seeks employment in urban centers. Similarly in many industries the use of automatic machinery and computers reduces the number of required workers. Slow Industrial Development Due to various economic, social and political reasons the progress of large and small scale industry is slow. Enough jobs are not available in industrial sector to absorb the surplus labor from agriculture. Loans are misused. Instead of establishing industries, the people get these loans written off through political influence. Imbalance in Education Most of the students opt for general education. They want to get some white-collar job in an office. They are not interested in vocational training. The result is that when they leave educational institutions, they have degrees but no work training. Employment opportunities for such people are limited. Capital Intensive Industries Most of the large and medium size industries are capital intensive i. e. the need huge funds, but fewer human hands. Labor intensive industries can create more job opportunities. Biased Attitude for Public Sector Employment In our country government jobs have more prestige than a similar job in private sectors. Government service means less effort, security of service, more chances for corruption and misuse of power. Private jobs demand more labor and involve risk. So people prefer to become an office clerk than to work as a private electrician. But government jobs cannot be expanded to employ every candidate. Seasonal Unemployment Seasonal unemployment occurs in agriculture and some other industries like fan and air-cooler industry. IMPACTS ON PAKISTANI SOCIETY The impacts on the society usually are negative, and that is why unemployment is generally considered a menace. But, though very few, there are some advantages of this as well. These may not be to the bulk of the society or the common man, but some classes do benefit from this menace. DISADVANTAGES Lacking a job often means lacking social contact with fellow employees, a purpose for many hours of the day, lack of self-esteem, mental stress and illness, and of course, the inability to pay bills and to purchase both necessities and luxuries. This last is especially serious for those with family obligations, debts, and/or medical costs, where the availability of health insurance is often linked to holding a job. Dr. M. Harvey Brenner, among others, has shown that increasing unemployment raises the crime rate, the suicide rate, and encourages bad health. However, during the Great Depression, when unemployment rates exceeded 20% in many countries, the crime rate did not increase. Because unemployment insurance in the U. S. typically does not even replace 50% of the income one received on the job (and one cannot receive it forever), the unemployed often end up tapping welfare programs such as Food Stamps — or accumulating debt, both formal debt to banks and informal debt to friends and relatives. Higher government transfer payments in the form of welfare and food stamps decrease spending on productive economic goods, decreasing GDP. Psychological Impacts The feared cost of job loss can spur psychological anxiety, weaken labor unions and their members sense of solidarity, encourage greater work-effort and lower wage demands, and/or abet protectionism. This last means efforts to preserve existing jobs (of the insiders) via barriers to entry against outsiders who want jobs, legal obstacles to immigration, and/or tariffs and similar trade barriers against foreign competitors. The impact of unemployment on the employed is related to the idea of Marxian unemployment. Finally, the existence of significant unemployment raises the monopsony power of ones employer: that raises the cost of quitting ones job and lowers the probability of finding a new source of livelihood. Economic Impacts From Okuns law we know that for every 2% fall in GNP relative to potential GNP, the unemployment rate rises by 1% point. High unemployment is a symptom of waste — for during recessions, when unemployment is high, the economy is not producing up to high level. When economy is not producing sufficiently, we can say that we are unable to use our full resources for production purposes. Economy will not grow as fast as it can if become able to produce at high level. Social Impacts However large the cost to economy of unemployment, a recounting of Rupees lost does not adequately convey the human, social and psychological toll that periods of persistent involuntary unemployment bring. Although unemployment has plagued capitalism, the Industrial Revolution, understanding its causes and costs has been possible only with the rise of modern macroeconomic theory. It is apparent that recessions and the associated high unemployment are extremely costly to the economy. The Suicide Attempts The governments all is well claims are belied by the rise in suicide cases around the country. All is well, and yet it appears as if a sense of despair and depression prevails among many of the people, who increasingly appear to lack the ability or patience to face life in these stressful days. The average mind is plagued with economic difficulties, unemployment, crime and terrorism, and these lower the threshold for the bearing of discomfort According to figures released by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, there were at least 362 suicides and 320 attempted suicides in Pakistan only during the first quarter of 2005. Last year saw a record 1,825 suicides all over Pakistan, mostly committed by people inflicted by poverty and unemployment. ADVANTAGES Benefits for the entire economy arising from unemployment include that it keeps inflation from being high, following the Phillips curve, or from accelerating, following the NAIRU/natural rate of unemployment theory. Also, a small amount of frictional unemployment allows employers to find the employees most suited to the jobs offered, while allowing workers to find the jobs that better fit their tastes, talents, and needs. This amount may be very small, however, since it is relatively easy to seek a new job without losing ones current one. As in the Marxian theory of unemployment, special interests may also benefit: employers often like having their employees in fear of losing their jobs, and thus working hard, keeping their wage demands low, etc. As noted, unemployment may increase employers monophony power. Unemployment may thus promote labor productivity and profitability. Some say that slow economic growth and the resulting unemployment are actually good, since the constantly needed growth of the GDP cannot be sustained forever, given resource constraints and environmental impacts. But others ask if it is fair to burden the unemployed (usually those at the bottom of the economic heap) with the costs of limiting the use of resources and the abuse of the environment. DATA ANALYSIS Given below are some data regarding the present and past states of unemployment in Pakistan. Here the date are given only to refer to in the coming chapter(s). The analysis of this data will be done in the coming chapter. Hence the deductions, predictions and any suggestions rooting from the data will follow in the later chapters. According to the Labor Force Survey (LFS) FY04, the unemployment rate has improved from 8. 3 percent in FY02 to 7. 7 percent in FY04. Thus, 41. 8 million persons were employed in 2003-04 compared to 38. 9 million in 2001-02. In other words, the economy added 2. 9 million new jobs during this two year period. Of these additional jobs, 1. 5 million went to males while 1. 4 million to females. The highest number of new jobs – 1. million – were created in the agriculture sector. The decline in unemployment rates looks even more attractive as it has taken place despite an increase in labor force from 42. 4 million in FY02 to 45. 2 million people in FY04 (see Figure 1). A part of this increase in labor force is attributed to a relatively higher participation level in FY04. While these developments appear t o be encouraging, it is also important to understand the sources of the Improvement, as this can provide guidance for policy formulation to further reduces the unemployment rates in the country. The aim of this section is to perform regional and gender wise analysis to identify he major contributors in improved employment rates during FY02 to FY04. A closer look at the LFS data of the two years provides some interesting insights: †¢ The province-wise data shows that improvement in the employment rate was not across the board. As shown in Figure 2, during the period understudy, unemployment rates increased in Sindh and Balochistan. The unemployment rate in Sindh increased mainly due to relatively higher increase in labor force. While NWFP recorded a marginal improvement (of 0. 5 percentage points), it was only Punjab province that saw a major decline of 1. 14 percentage points in unemployment rates. As more than 60 percent of labor forced is in Punjab, this improvement also resulted in declining the overall unemployment rates. †¢ A comparison of unemployment trends in rural and urban areas exhibits that unemployment rates in rural areas declined more rapidly than that in urban areas (see Tables 1). However, the rural unemployment rates increased in both Sindh and Balochistan, while the urban unemployment rate only increased in Sindh. Looking at the gender-wise data depicts that fall in unemployment rates was more pronounced in case of females. Specifically, at aggregate level the unemployment rates of males and females declined by 0. 1 and 3. 8 percentage points, respectively. However, as females only account for around 18 percent of the entire labor force, larger improvement in this category only partially translated into a lower overall fall unemployment rates. It is interesting to note that female employment rates recorded improvement in all the provinces during FY02 to FY04 (see Table 1). As the decline in female unemployment rate is more pronounced and broad base, it is pertinent to pay more emphasis on analyzing its declining trend. Accordingly, rest of the section is designed to analyze the fall in female unemployment rate in more details. Looking further into the female employment rates, though the improvement was more for urban female (i. e. , 4. 10 percentage point for urban compared 3. 22 percentage points for rural), its impact on overall unemployment rate was limited as only 21 percent of female labor force is living in urban areas. Hence, the improvement in rural unemployment contributed more significantly to the overall decline in female’s unemployment rates, particularly in Punjab that holds 82 percent of the total rural female labor force. It is important to note that the employment of the rural females increased despite a considerable rise in female Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR). 3 Specifically, the female LFPR improved by 1. 3 percentage point during FY02 to FY04 (see Table 2), which is significantly higher than the 0. 7 percentage point increase for males. [pic] The bulk of the female labor force was employed as unpaid family helpers, especially in rural areas of Punjab (see Table 3). A significant increase in category during FY02 to FY04 contributed around 77 percent in total fall in female’s unemployment rates. A possible reason for the increase in unpaid family helper may be enhanced opportunities of employment in agriculture due to increased growth rate in recent years. 6 Another reason could be the better coverage of females, which is clearly reflected in lower sex ratio7 (according to LFS, the sex ratio has declined from 107 in FY02 to 105 for FY04). The distribution of female labor force by major sectors also supports the view that employment gains are concentrated in female unpaid family workers, as the largest increase in the female’s employment was seen in Agriculture and allied industry (see Table 4 5). Similarly, the data of major occupational groups reveals that the increase in the female labor force is concentrated in agriculture and fishery workers (see Table 6). The increase in urban female employment was mainly in community services, manufacturing and construction industry. Similarly occupational distribution of urban females shows that the employment increase in category of unskilled, craft and trade related workers (see Table 4 5). [pic] Conclusion While there is an evident decline in the unemployment rate, this gain is largely concentrated in rural areas, particularly in females, and is visible in higher number of unpaid family helper. This view is also supported by rising share of agriculture and allied industry in the distribution of female labor force by major industries. Further, in terms of occupational groups, agriculture and fishery witnessed significant increases that support the view that rural female unpaid family helpers are the major beneficiary of employment gains. Table 7, shows the unemployment rates, rank and percentage change in unemployment in Pakistan, for the past few years. This again presents a rosy picture as Pakistan is continuously moving in the better direction according to all indicators. |Year |Unemployment rate |Rank |Percent Change | |2003 |7. 0% |119 | | |2004 |7. 70% |122 |-1. 28 % | |2005 |8. 30% |75 |7. 79 % | |2006 |6. 60% |65 |-20. 48 % | Table 7: Changes In Unemployment Over The Years UNEMPLOYMENT†¦ WHAT IS TO COME Table 8 presents an overview of the change in Unemployment rates due to changes in population, employment generation and the effect it has on the labor force available. This table gives the trends seen in these variables in the past few years and based on these the changes to come in the next few years. This shows a good positive picture and proves that the steps being taken are showing some effect. But a lot more needs to be done, and this can be done by decreasing the exponential increase in population. As the table shows, the population rate increases vociferously and has a negative effect on the employment rate. The Table also shows that as employment generation increases from 43. 15 to 50. 12 from 2004-05 to 2009-10, the unemployed population decreases from 3. 51 in 2004-05 to 2. 9 in 2009-10. But this goes with an increase in population in 2004-05 from 153. 45 millions to 167. 52 millions in 2009-10. This gives a clue about what could be done if the population increase rate is decreased. Even with this increase rate, the employment generation rate is increasing and the unemployment shows a decrease. This shows what difference can be made if th e population increase is somehow slowed down. This is where the role of a common man, in fact that of every citizen of Pakistan, exists. Government of Pakistan is doing its role, as the stats for Unemployment and employment generation show. In fact, it is the responsibility of common man that is not being fulfilled. [pic] Table 8: Labor Force and Employment, What Has Come What Is To Come The graph (Fig. 3) shows that in the past few and the coming few years the employment generation presents an increase and the unemployment rate presents a decrease. This again is a positive indicator and shows that the steps being taken have a positive impact. [pic]Fig. 3: Relative Trends of Unemployment and Employment Generation REMEDIES Population Control This is the single most important method to reduce unemployment. When the growth of population will slow down, the number of job seekers will be lower to match the availability. Steps such as spread of education, popularization of the concept of small family and improvements in status of women should be adopted to reduce birth rate. Increase in Capital Formation More capital means rapid economic development. In order to increase capital accumulation, savings should be encouraged. Foreign capital also helps to undertake new projects. Rapid Industrial Growth Final solution for unemployment lies, on the one hand, on slow population growth and on the other hand, on rapid expansion of industry. It is industry, which can provide not only jobs but also higher incomes to eradicate poverty. Small Scale Industries Since small scale industries are more labor intensive, so in industrial policy, development of such industries should be encouraged. Technical Training and Skill Formation There should be more emphasis on imparting technical training and skills to the people. In the future development of our economy, only skilled persons have scope for employment. Encouragement of Self-employment Through suitable financial schemes, self-employment be encouraged in the form of small business, workshops, clinics etc. Diversification of Agriculture Instead of concentrating on formal crops, activities allied to agriculture should be expanded e. g. fruit growing, dairy, poultry, fish and bee farming, processing and packaging of foods. Change in Social Attitudes Through education, people’s attitude towards work and jobs needs to be changed. Manual labor should be given due respect so that young people willingly adopt it. They should be taught not to hesitate to work in factories. Government Policy The government through various steps and policies has always encouraged creation of employment opportunities. In this regard programs like Khushal Pakistan are helpful. Prior to Khushal Pakistan, Social Action and Taameer-e-Watan programs had been followed. By concentrating on small projects, these programs create large number of jobs. SMEDA (Small and medium enterprises development authority) has been established to promote small business and increase employment opportunities. 1. Education and Training The most important contribution that the national governments can make to economic growth and an efficient labor market is education and training. According to the UNDP report there is overwhelming evidence that the best investment countries can make is the basic education. The fact that the retrenchment displaced thousands, the majority of whom were not equipped to take up the new activities, and with fewer new job opportunities many of which are less well paid, less secure and of lower quality also pose many challenges for the government in Pakistan. However, while many public sector enterprises were forced to cut their work force the government can still ease the situation by focusing its attention on the transfer of employment from declining to growing sectors. It is important that the opportunities to increase employment in declining sectors should not be forgotten. For instance, Pakistan has the biggest canal network in the world. While the agriculture sector still remains the biggest employer in the country the project to clean the canals to facilitate smooth flow of water to the end users is a must to increase productivity in agriculture as over 60 per cent of exports pertain to a single commodity— cotton. Investment in irrigation can create new jobs in the labor intensive sector of the country. Tens of thousands of employees in the private sector have lost their jobs during the last couple of years including over 20,000 in nationalized banks and state-run non-banking financial institutions; Pakistan International Airlines, Steel Mills, Karachi Port Trust, Karachi Water and Sewerage Board, Railways, and many government ministries and departments. CONCLUSION Pakistan’s economy and rate of employment is in a much better position these days then it was prior to 1999. Economy has achieved macroeconomic stability as revealed by the performance of all relevant indicators. The GDP growth rate has shown substantial improvement. In the future, the performance of Pakistan’s economy will depend upon the interplay of domestic, regional, and international factors. First, on the domestic front, the performance of the economy depends upon the continuity of structural reforms imposed by the government of General Musharraf. These reforms overhauled the major structures of the economy and unemployment and are the beginning point for strengthening the institutions of economic governance in the nation. Success in continuing implementation of governance reforms, police reforms, administrative reforms, social sector reforms, and so on, will determine the future course of action. Pakistan’s economy has shown a fair degree of improvement since General Musharraf’s initiatives in these areas, but the possibility remains that it may again fall victim to vested interests, returning the country to an institutional graveyard of inefficiency and corruption. The government is not wholly responsible for unemployment. There is a need of contribution from every Pakistani in order to curb this evil of unemployment. Creating awareness among the masses, getting quality education, controlling birth rates and over-population are some of the few major fields; every Pakistani can take part in. We need to realize our roles as responsible citizen of Pakistan. Though far-reaching results cannot be obtained in a blink of the eye but long journeys always begin with a single step. If every Pakistani becomes conscious of his role as an individual, then InshAllah that day would not be far when Pakistan will be at par with the developed countries of the world.