In The Mouth of The Whale free essay sample

I sat on an uneven tooth that bit into the flesh of my legs; the roof of the cavernous mouth loomed above, threatening to chomp down at a moment’s notice. This was the mouth of the whale, my private place for personal reflection. A place where everything was symbolic, where nothing happened by chance. Protected by massive rocks and surrounded by deep waters no one could disturb my tranquility. I turned to the rocks to my right. In a small cavity on the tooth was a pool of water where a spider lay dying. He flailed his small, hairy legs once or twice weakly then his grew still. I assumed the worst. During my lifetime of arachnophobia I had slain hundreds of his cousins, I was a feared figure in the order of araneae. I turned and watched the sea as it flowed over my feet. A few minutes later my curiosity drew me back to the pool. We will write a custom essay sample on In The Mouth of The Whale or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The spider now stood proudly by the waterside, defiantly he flung drops of dew from his legs. I may have judged this spider too early; I set my anti-spiderist tendencies aside for a moment so I could focus on what it had to teach. I watched the spider intently as it cleaned itself. His legs worked furiously to rid itself of water. Every minute or so it would move a few inches; regaining his bearings as he continued his cleaning. He turned and faced me for a second before he flipped around and began his long journey out of the mouth of the whale. He scuttled in and out of depressions, over rocky outcroppings thousands of times larger than himself, sidestepping pebbles half his size until he reached the whale’s stony lips. Then he turned around one more time. His many eyes took one last look at me, my body reflected and compounded a hundred times in its vision, before he disappeared forever. I sat and meditated; my only thought the sound of the ocean, the biting of the rocks was forgotten and the sand had long since warmed. Inhale, exhale. Inhale, exhale. Inhale†¦ then I understood. The spider was me. I had been drowning in a deep polluted pool for half a year. As I sunk deeper and deeper into its fathomless depths I began gasping for air. All I had found, for months and months, was the polluted drink that had been my prison. It burned as it passed through my throat but it burned so good. As I gulped the drink down it had corrupted me from the inside out, it had destroyed me. Then one day I washed up on the shore of the pool. I coughed and coughed, blind and soaked. But slowly I cleaned myself off, regained my focus, detoxified my body. It was not an easy task. Before I stumbled into the mouth of the whale I was a shell of who I had once been. I could not enjoy my day-to-day life. Once I had the ability to look adversity in the eye and laugh in its face, I was able to make light of the worst situations and cheer up others even in my worst depressions. I’d often cheer myself up in the process. But then I began to drown in that toxic pool and every little misfortune became a cataclysmic life-shattering torment. My friends couldn’t stand me anymore (I don’t blame them, I wasn’t being myself). They were used to a man who took abuse with a smile, not a sad sack of sorrow draining all positive vibes from a room. They wondered why the man who was once able to achieve whatever he set himself to, who could leap over every hurdle thrown before him, was now a doormat unable to assert his wants and needs. I was a wet wanderer without direction. But I found my way into the mouth of the whale. I explored its rough edges and learned its many lessons. I was reborn on its rough, wet, sandy tongue. But there was one more lesson I had to learn. I was the spider. It was time to leave the mouth of the whale, reborn.

Unemployment in Pakistan free essay sample

We dedicate this research report to our parents, to whom we owe everything that life has given us And to our inspirational instructor,†¦ Without whose guidance and encouragement all this would not have been possible. Contents Introduction03 The Historical Perspective05 Causes of Unemployment06 Impacts on Pakistani Society07 Data Analysis09 Remedies14 Conclusion16 Bibliography16 INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS †¢ ‘The unavailability of jobs for the inhabitants of a society is called unemployment’. In economics‘One who is willing to work at a prevailing wage rate yet is unable to find a paying job is considered to be unemployed’. TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT There are seven main types of unemployment. 1. CYLINDRICAL When there is not enough aggregate demand for the labor. 2. FRICTIONAL When moving from one job to another, the unemployment temporarily experienced when looking for a new job. 3. STRUCTURAL Experienced when the structure of an industry or skill demand s changes in mainly: 1. Switching from a declining industry to a rapidly growing one. We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment in Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Pace of change in the tastes of people. 3. Regional structure of industry. 4. TECHNOLOGICAL Caused by the replacement of workers by machines or other advanced technology. 5. CLASSICAL When real wage for a job are set above the market-clearing level, commonly government (as with the minimum wage) or unions, although some (such as Murray Roth bard,) suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to the market clearing level. 6. MARXIAN When unemployment is needed to motivate workers to work hard and to keep wages down, to preserve profitability. 7. SEASONAL When an industry only is in demand certain times. For example, construction work, certain segments of agriculture, ski slopes, shopping mall Santas, and snow plow services. CATEGORIES OF UNEMPLOYMENT 1. Unemployment of unskilled or semi-skilled. 2. Rural unemployment. 3. Unemployment of educated young. Unemployment of women. 4. Industrial unemployment 5. Temporary or seasonal unemployment. THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The Historical perspective on unemployment is very interesting. In fact, it has at times been called one of the causes of the collapse of Roman Empire. This shows that the issue is not new to mankind. But for a third world country like Pakistan, the perspective is even more interesting. When Pakistan was made in 1947, the country had not much of an industrial infrastructure and agriculture was the back bone of the economy. More than 70% of the population was associated with agriculture. But as time went on a few major problems started taking heavy toll. CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT There are three broad groups of causes. [pic] Natural Rate of Unemployment Due to various reasons no country can achieve 100% employment. There always exists a minimum rate of unemployment which is around 3-4 %. It is called natural rate of unemployment. This inevitable unemployment occurs because some people are searching employment. They are new young men and women entering job market. There is some structural unemployment which occurs because some old industries are dying e. g. handloom weavers, cart men, village blacksmith etc. have to shift to new jobs. Some people are unemployed due to seasonal nature of their work. Demand –Deficient Unemployment This occurs because either there is depression in economy, or because development of industries and other sectors of economy is slower than the rate of increase of population. Aggregate demand may also fall due to political disturbances and factories may close down. Government may also decrease its expenditure. Excessive-Wage Unemployment When workers are demanding too high real wages, there will be unemployment There are many other causes as well: OTHER CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT Poverty Poverty and unemployment are twins. A poor person has fewer chances of finding employment or creating self-employment. And on the other hand, poverty is the destiny of unemployed. Rapid Population Growth Pakistan’s population is rising fast. Growth rate of our population is 2% which is one of the highest in the world. About a million new people are entering the job market each year. On the other side expansion in the employment opportunities is not enough to absorb all the new job seekers. Scarcity of Capital Capital is needed to put people to work. Employment opportunities cannot be expanded unless tools, equipment and materials are available in sufficient quantity. But there is serious shortage of capital in Pakistan. Capital is created through investment. However, due to our limited saving capacity, rate of investment remains low. Mechanization of Agriculture and Automation in Manufacturing Due to increased use of machinery in agriculture, rural population is getting unemployed. A tractor and tube well displaces scores of people. The surplus agricultural labor seeks employment in urban centers. Similarly in many industries the use of automatic machinery and computers reduces the number of required workers. Slow Industrial Development Due to various economic, social and political reasons the progress of large and small scale industry is slow. Enough jobs are not available in industrial sector to absorb the surplus labor from agriculture. Loans are misused. Instead of establishing industries, the people get these loans written off through political influence. Imbalance in Education Most of the students opt for general education. They want to get some white-collar job in an office. They are not interested in vocational training. The result is that when they leave educational institutions, they have degrees but no work training. Employment opportunities for such people are limited. Capital Intensive Industries Most of the large and medium size industries are capital intensive i. e. the need huge funds, but fewer human hands. Labor intensive industries can create more job opportunities. Biased Attitude for Public Sector Employment In our country government jobs have more prestige than a similar job in private sectors. Government service means less effort, security of service, more chances for corruption and misuse of power. Private jobs demand more labor and involve risk. So people prefer to become an office clerk than to work as a private electrician. But government jobs cannot be expanded to employ every candidate. Seasonal Unemployment Seasonal unemployment occurs in agriculture and some other industries like fan and air-cooler industry. IMPACTS ON PAKISTANI SOCIETY The impacts on the society usually are negative, and that is why unemployment is generally considered a menace. But, though very few, there are some advantages of this as well. These may not be to the bulk of the society or the common man, but some classes do benefit from this menace. DISADVANTAGES Lacking a job often means lacking social contact with fellow employees, a purpose for many hours of the day, lack of self-esteem, mental stress and illness, and of course, the inability to pay bills and to purchase both necessities and luxuries. This last is especially serious for those with family obligations, debts, and/or medical costs, where the availability of health insurance is often linked to holding a job. Dr. M. Harvey Brenner, among others, has shown that increasing unemployment raises the crime rate, the suicide rate, and encourages bad health. However, during the Great Depression, when unemployment rates exceeded 20% in many countries, the crime rate did not increase. Because unemployment insurance in the U. S. typically does not even replace 50% of the income one received on the job (and one cannot receive it forever), the unemployed often end up tapping welfare programs such as Food Stamps — or accumulating debt, both formal debt to banks and informal debt to friends and relatives. Higher government transfer payments in the form of welfare and food stamps decrease spending on productive economic goods, decreasing GDP. Psychological Impacts The feared cost of job loss can spur psychological anxiety, weaken labor unions and their members sense of solidarity, encourage greater work-effort and lower wage demands, and/or abet protectionism. This last means efforts to preserve existing jobs (of the insiders) via barriers to entry against outsiders who want jobs, legal obstacles to immigration, and/or tariffs and similar trade barriers against foreign competitors. The impact of unemployment on the employed is related to the idea of Marxian unemployment. Finally, the existence of significant unemployment raises the monopsony power of ones employer: that raises the cost of quitting ones job and lowers the probability of finding a new source of livelihood. Economic Impacts From Okuns law we know that for every 2% fall in GNP relative to potential GNP, the unemployment rate rises by 1% point. High unemployment is a symptom of waste — for during recessions, when unemployment is high, the economy is not producing up to high level. When economy is not producing sufficiently, we can say that we are unable to use our full resources for production purposes. Economy will not grow as fast as it can if become able to produce at high level. Social Impacts However large the cost to economy of unemployment, a recounting of Rupees lost does not adequately convey the human, social and psychological toll that periods of persistent involuntary unemployment bring. Although unemployment has plagued capitalism, the Industrial Revolution, understanding its causes and costs has been possible only with the rise of modern macroeconomic theory. It is apparent that recessions and the associated high unemployment are extremely costly to the economy. The Suicide Attempts The governments all is well claims are belied by the rise in suicide cases around the country. All is well, and yet it appears as if a sense of despair and depression prevails among many of the people, who increasingly appear to lack the ability or patience to face life in these stressful days. The average mind is plagued with economic difficulties, unemployment, crime and terrorism, and these lower the threshold for the bearing of discomfort According to figures released by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, there were at least 362 suicides and 320 attempted suicides in Pakistan only during the first quarter of 2005. Last year saw a record 1,825 suicides all over Pakistan, mostly committed by people inflicted by poverty and unemployment. ADVANTAGES Benefits for the entire economy arising from unemployment include that it keeps inflation from being high, following the Phillips curve, or from accelerating, following the NAIRU/natural rate of unemployment theory. Also, a small amount of frictional unemployment allows employers to find the employees most suited to the jobs offered, while allowing workers to find the jobs that better fit their tastes, talents, and needs. This amount may be very small, however, since it is relatively easy to seek a new job without losing ones current one. As in the Marxian theory of unemployment, special interests may also benefit: employers often like having their employees in fear of losing their jobs, and thus working hard, keeping their wage demands low, etc. As noted, unemployment may increase employers monophony power. Unemployment may thus promote labor productivity and profitability. Some say that slow economic growth and the resulting unemployment are actually good, since the constantly needed growth of the GDP cannot be sustained forever, given resource constraints and environmental impacts. But others ask if it is fair to burden the unemployed (usually those at the bottom of the economic heap) with the costs of limiting the use of resources and the abuse of the environment. DATA ANALYSIS Given below are some data regarding the present and past states of unemployment in Pakistan. Here the date are given only to refer to in the coming chapter(s). The analysis of this data will be done in the coming chapter. Hence the deductions, predictions and any suggestions rooting from the data will follow in the later chapters. According to the Labor Force Survey (LFS) FY04, the unemployment rate has improved from 8. 3 percent in FY02 to 7. 7 percent in FY04. Thus, 41. 8 million persons were employed in 2003-04 compared to 38. 9 million in 2001-02. In other words, the economy added 2. 9 million new jobs during this two year period. Of these additional jobs, 1. 5 million went to males while 1. 4 million to females. The highest number of new jobs – 1. million – were created in the agriculture sector. The decline in unemployment rates looks even more attractive as it has taken place despite an increase in labor force from 42. 4 million in FY02 to 45. 2 million people in FY04 (see Figure 1). A part of this increase in labor force is attributed to a relatively higher participation level in FY04. While these developments appear t o be encouraging, it is also important to understand the sources of the Improvement, as this can provide guidance for policy formulation to further reduces the unemployment rates in the country. The aim of this section is to perform regional and gender wise analysis to identify he major contributors in improved employment rates during FY02 to FY04. A closer look at the LFS data of the two years provides some interesting insights: †¢ The province-wise data shows that improvement in the employment rate was not across the board. As shown in Figure 2, during the period understudy, unemployment rates increased in Sindh and Balochistan. The unemployment rate in Sindh increased mainly due to relatively higher increase in labor force. While NWFP recorded a marginal improvement (of 0. 5 percentage points), it was only Punjab province that saw a major decline of 1. 14 percentage points in unemployment rates. As more than 60 percent of labor forced is in Punjab, this improvement also resulted in declining the overall unemployment rates. †¢ A comparison of unemployment trends in rural and urban areas exhibits that unemployment rates in rural areas declined more rapidly than that in urban areas (see Tables 1). However, the rural unemployment rates increased in both Sindh and Balochistan, while the urban unemployment rate only increased in Sindh. Looking at the gender-wise data depicts that fall in unemployment rates was more pronounced in case of females. Specifically, at aggregate level the unemployment rates of males and females declined by 0. 1 and 3. 8 percentage points, respectively. However, as females only account for around 18 percent of the entire labor force, larger improvement in this category only partially translated into a lower overall fall unemployment rates. It is interesting to note that female employment rates recorded improvement in all the provinces during FY02 to FY04 (see Table 1). As the decline in female unemployment rate is more pronounced and broad base, it is pertinent to pay more emphasis on analyzing its declining trend. Accordingly, rest of the section is designed to analyze the fall in female unemployment rate in more details. Looking further into the female employment rates, though the improvement was more for urban female (i. e. , 4. 10 percentage point for urban compared 3. 22 percentage points for rural), its impact on overall unemployment rate was limited as only 21 percent of female labor force is living in urban areas. Hence, the improvement in rural unemployment contributed more significantly to the overall decline in female’s unemployment rates, particularly in Punjab that holds 82 percent of the total rural female labor force. It is important to note that the employment of the rural females increased despite a considerable rise in female Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR). 3 Specifically, the female LFPR improved by 1. 3 percentage point during FY02 to FY04 (see Table 2), which is significantly higher than the 0. 7 percentage point increase for males. [pic] The bulk of the female labor force was employed as unpaid family helpers, especially in rural areas of Punjab (see Table 3). A significant increase in category during FY02 to FY04 contributed around 77 percent in total fall in female’s unemployment rates. A possible reason for the increase in unpaid family helper may be enhanced opportunities of employment in agriculture due to increased growth rate in recent years. 6 Another reason could be the better coverage of females, which is clearly reflected in lower sex ratio7 (according to LFS, the sex ratio has declined from 107 in FY02 to 105 for FY04). The distribution of female labor force by major sectors also supports the view that employment gains are concentrated in female unpaid family workers, as the largest increase in the female’s employment was seen in Agriculture and allied industry (see Table 4 5). Similarly, the data of major occupational groups reveals that the increase in the female labor force is concentrated in agriculture and fishery workers (see Table 6). The increase in urban female employment was mainly in community services, manufacturing and construction industry. Similarly occupational distribution of urban females shows that the employment increase in category of unskilled, craft and trade related workers (see Table 4 5). [pic] Conclusion While there is an evident decline in the unemployment rate, this gain is largely concentrated in rural areas, particularly in females, and is visible in higher number of unpaid family helper. This view is also supported by rising share of agriculture and allied industry in the distribution of female labor force by major industries. Further, in terms of occupational groups, agriculture and fishery witnessed significant increases that support the view that rural female unpaid family helpers are the major beneficiary of employment gains. Table 7, shows the unemployment rates, rank and percentage change in unemployment in Pakistan, for the past few years. This again presents a rosy picture as Pakistan is continuously moving in the better direction according to all indicators. |Year |Unemployment rate |Rank |Percent Change | |2003 |7. 0% |119 | | |2004 |7. 70% |122 |-1. 28 % | |2005 |8. 30% |75 |7. 79 % | |2006 |6. 60% |65 |-20. 48 % | Table 7: Changes In Unemployment Over The Years UNEMPLOYMENT†¦ WHAT IS TO COME Table 8 presents an overview of the change in Unemployment rates due to changes in population, employment generation and the effect it has on the labor force available. This table gives the trends seen in these variables in the past few years and based on these the changes to come in the next few years. This shows a good positive picture and proves that the steps being taken are showing some effect. But a lot more needs to be done, and this can be done by decreasing the exponential increase in population. As the table shows, the population rate increases vociferously and has a negative effect on the employment rate. The Table also shows that as employment generation increases from 43. 15 to 50. 12 from 2004-05 to 2009-10, the unemployed population decreases from 3. 51 in 2004-05 to 2. 9 in 2009-10. But this goes with an increase in population in 2004-05 from 153. 45 millions to 167. 52 millions in 2009-10. This gives a clue about what could be done if the population increase rate is decreased. Even with this increase rate, the employment generation rate is increasing and the unemployment shows a decrease. This shows what difference can be made if th e population increase is somehow slowed down. This is where the role of a common man, in fact that of every citizen of Pakistan, exists. Government of Pakistan is doing its role, as the stats for Unemployment and employment generation show. In fact, it is the responsibility of common man that is not being fulfilled. [pic] Table 8: Labor Force and Employment, What Has Come What Is To Come The graph (Fig. 3) shows that in the past few and the coming few years the employment generation presents an increase and the unemployment rate presents a decrease. This again is a positive indicator and shows that the steps being taken have a positive impact. [pic]Fig. 3: Relative Trends of Unemployment and Employment Generation REMEDIES Population Control This is the single most important method to reduce unemployment. When the growth of population will slow down, the number of job seekers will be lower to match the availability. Steps such as spread of education, popularization of the concept of small family and improvements in status of women should be adopted to reduce birth rate. Increase in Capital Formation More capital means rapid economic development. In order to increase capital accumulation, savings should be encouraged. Foreign capital also helps to undertake new projects. Rapid Industrial Growth Final solution for unemployment lies, on the one hand, on slow population growth and on the other hand, on rapid expansion of industry. It is industry, which can provide not only jobs but also higher incomes to eradicate poverty. Small Scale Industries Since small scale industries are more labor intensive, so in industrial policy, development of such industries should be encouraged. Technical Training and Skill Formation There should be more emphasis on imparting technical training and skills to the people. In the future development of our economy, only skilled persons have scope for employment. Encouragement of Self-employment Through suitable financial schemes, self-employment be encouraged in the form of small business, workshops, clinics etc. Diversification of Agriculture Instead of concentrating on formal crops, activities allied to agriculture should be expanded e. g. fruit growing, dairy, poultry, fish and bee farming, processing and packaging of foods. Change in Social Attitudes Through education, people’s attitude towards work and jobs needs to be changed. Manual labor should be given due respect so that young people willingly adopt it. They should be taught not to hesitate to work in factories. Government Policy The government through various steps and policies has always encouraged creation of employment opportunities. In this regard programs like Khushal Pakistan are helpful. Prior to Khushal Pakistan, Social Action and Taameer-e-Watan programs had been followed. By concentrating on small projects, these programs create large number of jobs. SMEDA (Small and medium enterprises development authority) has been established to promote small business and increase employment opportunities. 1. Education and Training The most important contribution that the national governments can make to economic growth and an efficient labor market is education and training. According to the UNDP report there is overwhelming evidence that the best investment countries can make is the basic education. The fact that the retrenchment displaced thousands, the majority of whom were not equipped to take up the new activities, and with fewer new job opportunities many of which are less well paid, less secure and of lower quality also pose many challenges for the government in Pakistan. However, while many public sector enterprises were forced to cut their work force the government can still ease the situation by focusing its attention on the transfer of employment from declining to growing sectors. It is important that the opportunities to increase employment in declining sectors should not be forgotten. For instance, Pakistan has the biggest canal network in the world. While the agriculture sector still remains the biggest employer in the country the project to clean the canals to facilitate smooth flow of water to the end users is a must to increase productivity in agriculture as over 60 per cent of exports pertain to a single commodity— cotton. Investment in irrigation can create new jobs in the labor intensive sector of the country. Tens of thousands of employees in the private sector have lost their jobs during the last couple of years including over 20,000 in nationalized banks and state-run non-banking financial institutions; Pakistan International Airlines, Steel Mills, Karachi Port Trust, Karachi Water and Sewerage Board, Railways, and many government ministries and departments. CONCLUSION Pakistan’s economy and rate of employment is in a much better position these days then it was prior to 1999. Economy has achieved macroeconomic stability as revealed by the performance of all relevant indicators. The GDP growth rate has shown substantial improvement. In the future, the performance of Pakistan’s economy will depend upon the interplay of domestic, regional, and international factors. First, on the domestic front, the performance of the economy depends upon the continuity of structural reforms imposed by the government of General Musharraf. These reforms overhauled the major structures of the economy and unemployment and are the beginning point for strengthening the institutions of economic governance in the nation. Success in continuing implementation of governance reforms, police reforms, administrative reforms, social sector reforms, and so on, will determine the future course of action. Pakistan’s economy has shown a fair degree of improvement since General Musharraf’s initiatives in these areas, but the possibility remains that it may again fall victim to vested interests, returning the country to an institutional graveyard of inefficiency and corruption. The government is not wholly responsible for unemployment. There is a need of contribution from every Pakistani in order to curb this evil of unemployment. Creating awareness among the masses, getting quality education, controlling birth rates and over-population are some of the few major fields; every Pakistani can take part in. We need to realize our roles as responsible citizen of Pakistan. Though far-reaching results cannot be obtained in a blink of the eye but long journeys always begin with a single step. If every Pakistani becomes conscious of his role as an individual, then InshAllah that day would not be far when Pakistan will be at par with the developed countries of the world.

An Outline of the Basic Concepts of Narrative Therapy Essay Example

An Outline of the Basic Concepts of Narrative Therapy Essay Example An Outline of the Basic Concepts of Narrative Therapy Paper An Outline of the Basic Concepts of Narrative Therapy Paper Essay Topic: Narrative Michael white and David Epston are best known for their use of narrative in therapy. According to white individuals construct the meaning of life in interpretive stories which are then treated as truth. Adopting a postmodern, narrative, social constructionist view sheds light on how power knowledge and truth are negotiated in families and other social and cultural contexts. Key concepts Focus narrative therapy involves adopting a shift in focus from most traditional theories. Therapists listen respectfully to clients stories to search for times in the clients lives where they were resourceful, use questions as a way to engage clients, avoid diagnosing and labeling clients, assisting clients in mapping the influence a problem has had on their lives and to assist the client in separating themselves from the dominant stories they have internalized so that creation of new stories can occur. The role of stories the stories we live our lives by shape our reality in that they construct and constitute what we see, feel and do. Clients tend to be the victors or heroes of their own stories and the therapist is privileged to be a part of this unfolding process. Listening with an open mind All social constructionist theories place an emphasis on listening to clients without judgment or blame, affirming and valuing them. Therapists can encourage their clients to reconsider absolutist judgments by moving toward seeing both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† elements in situations. Narrative therapists aim to help clients create new meaning from the stories clients share. As the client tells their story the therapist is able to listen for opportunities where the client was able to overcome difficulties in the past thus highlighting the clients own strengths. One of the therapist’s roles is to remind the client that they are able to capable of managing and overcoming the problems they face even when the client is not able to see this. Another important role the narrative therapist undertakes is to separate the problem from the client by listening and responding. Narrative therapists do not assume an expert stance and clients are the primary interpreters of their own experiences, thus the process of change can be facilitated but not directed by the therapist. The therapeutic process There are several steps in the therapeutic process but it is important to remember that they do not follow a linear progression. Create a mutually acceptable name for the problem with the client Personify the problem and attribute oppressive intentions and tactics to it Investigate how the problem has been disrupting or discouraging the client Invite the client to see his or her story from a different perspective Discover moments when the client wasn’t dominated by the problem Find historical evidence that the client was able to overcome problems in the past As the client to speculate about what kind of future could be expected from this new competent person who is emerging from the newly constructed story Find or create an audience for perceiving and supporting the new story It is more realistic to consider events happening in a cyclical progression containing the following elements; Move problem stories toward externalized descriptions of problems Map the effects of a problem on the individual Listen to signs of strength and competence in an individual’s problem saturated stories Build a new story of competence and document these achievements Therapy goals a general goal of narrative therapy is to invite the client to describe their experience in new and fresh language. In doing this the client explores new possibilities and enables clients to develop new meanings for problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Narrative therapy almost always includes an awareness of the impact of various aspects of the dominant culture on human life. Therapists function and role Act as active facilitators. The concepts of care, interest, respectful curiosity, openness, empathy, contact and even fascination are seen as relational necessity. A main task of the therapist is to help clients construct a preferred story. White and Epston both start with an exploration of the client in relation to the presenting problem. From there they would attempt to separate the client from the problem and in doing so objectify the problem as external to the client. Therapist adopts a not knowing attitude through language choice and avoids diagnosis and pathologising. There are no set formulas or recipes for the practice of narrative therapy. The process will vary with each client because each person (and their stories) is unique. The therapeutic relationship great importance is placed on the qualities the therapist beings to the therapy venture.

How to Write an End to Slavery Sample Essay

How to Write an End to Slavery Sample EssayThe purpose of this article is to help you understand how to write an end to slavery sample essay for the sake of your college admissions. For those of you who have not heard of slavery, it is a practice where African people are enslaved by another and this practice continues today. If you are one of the many white people who look down on people of color, slavery may cause some pain in your heart. However, you can easily alleviate some of the pain you feel by knowing how to write an end to slavery sample essay.You will need to find some free study materials and tutorials that will help you write your essay. In fact, if you already have any of the material you need, I am sure you would appreciate having more study materials for yourself. There are many resources available. Just search for a good online tutorial. You will be able to find a wide variety of different information in the internet.You will probably have to spend some time on differ ent resources to find the resources that will help you write an end to slavery sample essay. You can also visit various online study websites and read some of the blogs of people who have had success with writing the sample essay.These blogs are written by people who have been accepted to graduate schools or colleges. You may want to visit their blogs for your sample essay. Some of these blogs are in support of a particular college or school, while others are totally against a certain college or school. They are written in such a way that readers will understand that a certain college or school is out of the ordinary.This blog will help you understand the way that the college or school works. You will be able to see for yourself the things that the college or school is like. You will be able to understand why you are being accepted into a particular college or school. You will have to stay active with your study plans so that you will be able to find out the things that you need to know about a certain college or school.After you have finished reading all the blogs, you can now make your own essay. Keep in mind that you will need to come up with a unique and original essay that will convince admissions officers that you are deserving of admission into the college or school that you want to attend.Take advantage of the great resource that the internet provides. Be sure to check out some of the blogs that support the college or school that you want to attend and this will give you an idea on how to write an end to slavery sample essay.

«Starring Night»

 «Starring Night » Introduction The painting captures similar themes when analyzed at surface level as well as in relation to the artist’s life. Van Gogh was schizophrenic, yet he managed to make beautiful art. Starring Night is a painting that epitomizes restlessness or turbulence; this was a reflection of the artist’s state of mind.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on  «Starring Night » specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Description of the painting An initial observation of the painting reveals an expansive sky; it accounts for most of the space in the painting. Van Gogh probably called the piece ‘Starring Night’ because bright stars are a prominent feature. White and yellow light surround them while a glaring moon also stands alongside them. In between the moon and the stars are swirls which are a combination of dark and light colors; some are black, others green, yellow, dark and light blue, and to some ext ent white. However, the predominant color is blue, which is the color of the sky. Underneath the sky, one can see a village where some houses, hills as well as other physical features are located. The hills are so tall that they appear to merge with the sky. The painting also has a tree that also stretches to the sky; it is the tallest feature in the village. Gogh’s brushstrokes in the hills as well as the trees face upwards, as though to suggest that the sky is what matters. The pine tree is black, dark green and brown. Since this feature is at the foreground of the painting, it affects one’s overall perception of it. A few houses can be seen clustering next to each other. No human beings are in the Starring Night; this may probably be because most of them were asleep. The most outstanding building is a church, whose spire also points to the sky (Museum Of Modern Art 1). Overall, the interaction of the colors, lines and paintings in the picture gives an impression of restlessness. Analysis Background of the painting It is likely that the theme of turbulence and restlessness reflected Van Gogh’s state of mind. The artist was mentally ill and even did this work of art in an asylum. He struggled with so many aspects of his life. For instance, a special lady rejected him and told him that she would never marry him. He was thrown out of art galleries in Paris. The artist had an abysmal financial situation since he depended on his brother, Theo, for sustenance. His many career changes were fruitless, and he was not making any money as an artist. People misunderstood Gogh; members of his township Arles wanted to ban him from the village after he developed an ear infection.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He did not even have friends because he always embarrassed or argued with them. Clearly, Van Gogh was an isolated man who could no t find comfort in many things. His experiences in the past led him to a turbulent state of mind. This situation was so serious that it manifested in schizophrenia. One can thus assert that the painting was a reflection of what the artist was going through in his mind. Alternatively, the theme of restlessness may also have been indicative of the dissatisfaction with his situation at the asylum and the longing for normalcy. Perhaps Gogh wanted to go out into the Starring Night and enjoy all the wonderful visuals first hand. However, all he could do was admire the view from his window or use supervised visits around the garden in the asylum (Brooks 29). The effect of lines and color Lines in any work of art show motion. Therefore, when one looks at the way lines in the sky swirl around the moon and the stars, one thinks of movement. Since most of the lines in the painting are not heading in one direction, then one can deduce a mood of restlessness. The choice of color in the painting i s also an indication of the painter’s mood. Warm colors, like yellow, are only present in minimal quantities. The most predominant color is blue, which is a cool color. This color is primarily responsible for the darkness and mystery of the piece. Nonetheless, the blue color has a dark hue, in that it is not the typical sky blue. This one mirrors the color of the sky at night as it is blue-black. If the artist had left the sky uninterrupted by dark lines, then it would have given off a serene or even dreamy feel. The mixture of the dark and cool colors in the form of lines and shades is what contributes to a feeling of turbulence (MacDonald 15). As mentioned earlier, the colors in the picture are bold and captivating. The moon and starts each have bright hues that are hard to ignore. In one of his letters to his sister, he asserted that the stars had a peculiar brilliance, which â€Å"warranted for more than white dots on a blue-black surface† (Van Gogh Museum 76). One may deduce that this artist saw things in a different way through the use of color. Most artists in his era were realists, and his countrymen were quite conservative in their use of color. Most realists relied on pale color and soft, thin lines to create texture. However, Gogh created a new approach to texture by using bold brush strokes. The artists did not paint to please others but he stuck to what he felt was right. Vincent’s preference for bold color was something new and refreshing. Even the way he drew stars was quite unique. The palate in ‘Starring Night’ was substantially different from the palate combinations of other French artists like Millet. In fact, Gogh started out with contemporary influences but quickly changed after he discovered Japanese art. Japanese art had a profound influence on the painter. The artist was defiant and brave in his work since he was willing to pursue trajectories that others shunned. These color choices and the artistsâ₠¬â„¢ past life prove that he was indeed a restless individual. He was not satisfied with the status quo and sought ways to explore new avenues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on  «Starring Night » specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Choice of features Van Gogh was a spiritual man; in fact, he was so committed to his vocation that it turned into an obsession. This was part of the reason why the artist was sent out of the mission school. Additionally, Gogh’s father was a spiritual minister. When the artist tried to follow in his footsteps, he failed dismally. In the painting, the spire of the church building is the tallest man-made feature. However, its height comes nowhere near that of the cypress tree. The tip of this tree makes contact with sky. One can interpret these two features in light of Gogh’s life. He may have sought solace in the church, but did not find it there. His experiences at the missio n may have shown him that one cannot find spiritual fulfillment in other men. In the painting, the church is a man-made creation. Even though its builders tried to make it as tall as possible, they could not reach the sky. One may construe the sky to symbolize the heavens. Therefore, Gogh was saying that man’s efforts were not sufficient to establish contact with the heavens. On the other hand, if one sought God in nature, one was likely to find him. The cypress tree was tall enough to reach the skies. One may deduce that the author could not find support in a spiritual establishment. He may have been criticizing the existing religious order. Once again, the theme of restlessness comes into play because he is not happy with where he is spiritually, so he must look for answers elsewhere. In line with these sentiments is the fact that the hills appear to face the opposite direction of the church spire. They mirrored a real physical feature in Gogh’s country; they were ca lled Les Alpilles Mountains. Their opposition to the prevailing order may be regarded as proof of the artists’ opinion about the church. The manner in which the images in the diagram have been represented is indicative of the theme of restlessness as well. The stars seem to be bursting out of the sky. Furthermore, the cypress tree looks like it is touching the sky. Even the moon looks like it is covered by a yellow ball. Clearly, these are not conventional representations of the night sky. An artist who was faithful to nature would have revised his choice of color, lines and technique to reflect the actual appearance of the sky; however, Gogh was not such an artist (Boime 55). He was rebellious, and when he had a point to make, he did not hesitate to make it. His use of proportions and the way he drew was a reflection of the artist’s style. Gogh was not satisfied with a mere imitation of nature. This means he was agitated by this approach, so he chose another one that would not reflect contemporary work. Therefore, his approach to art was one that caused turbulence. One of the artists’ centerpieces in the painting is the cypress tree. A lot can be deduced from this choice in features that reflects the state of turbulence in his mind. During Gogh’s time, Cypress trees were common in cemeteries. Additionally, the tree seems to connect the earth and the heavens.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One may assert that his selection of the tree was indicative of his ideas about death. The painter was at a place where he could not decide whether he wanted to live or die. By choosing a centerpiece that is found in cemeteries, Gogh was thinking about death. The tree touched the heavens because when one dies, one leaves earth and goes to the heavens. The artist was thinking about death but was ambivalent about it. It is likely that the intense movement in the painting reflected this indecision concerning whether he should live or die. There was turbulence in his conscious about the matter. Later, the artist made up his mind about death and committed suicide. He chose death over a life of misery. At the time of painting ‘Starring Night’, the cypress tree reflected the confusion in his conscious about death. Overall, the piece has so many features to analyze that it is possible to become overwhelmed with the process. Trees, hills, houses, stars, the moon, the sky and oth er features are present in the painting. One must determine why the artist selected so many features. It is likely that he would only convey his message if he amalgamated all these aspects together. However, the circular motions and the spiral effect in the sky are what carry the theme. Therefore, the point of emphasis in the painting gives an indication of what one should focus on; in this case it is turbulence. Painting technique From the image, one can deduce that the artist used decisive bush strokes to color his piece. This practice was not common in his society. Impressionist artists relied on a method of drawing that involved joining several dots together to form the impression of color. However, Gogh got bored of this style when living in Paris. He devised his own method of painting that was quite different from the rest. These decisive brush strokes contribute towards the turbulence of the piece. It would have been quite difficult to convey that sentiment if the author util ized the impressionist method in ‘Starring Night’. The decisiveness of the brush strokes was crucial in creating a feeling of chaos or turbulence. The circular lines needed to be in unison with another in order to have this effect. Using joined dotes, like the impressionists, would have been insufficient to create this effect (Hulsker 93). Conclusion Starring night as a work of art carries forward the theme of restlessness. This is evident in the artist’s use of color. He mixes cool colors with dark ones in a manner that creates this mood. Additionally, his painting technique which involves decisive brush strokes also testifies to the turbulence of the piece. His choice of objects and emphasis reflects the turbulence in the artist’s mind. The cypress tree was an indication of his confusion about death. The unconventional stars were an indication of the turbulence in his life. He was also unconventional like the stars, and this led to his isolation. This pa inting’s theme is an expression of the artists’ life. Boime, Albert. Van Gogh: Starry Night: Art history in detail. NY: Voyager, 1996. Print. Brooks, David. Starry Night. Amsterdam: Brooks, 2012. Print. Hulsker, Jan. The complete Van Gogh: paintings, drawings, sketches. NY: Random House, 1986. Print. MacDonald, Mary. â€Å"Who was Vincent?† Artist’s Monthly 1.6(1990): 15. Print. Museum Of Modern Art. 2013. Vincent Van Gogh: The Starring Night, June 1889. 2013. Web. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79802 Van Gogh Museum. 2013. Vincent Van Gogh letters. 2013. Web. http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let782/letter.html

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