Cultural The Czech Republic Understanding Cultural...

Cultural Analysis- Czech Republic Understanding cultural diversity is significantly important in driving global business. This is because different countries have different cultures and in one way or the other affect the business environment. For a company or organization that seeks to expand its business or activities to international markets, cultural analysis is a must process. This involves looking at issues such as the country’s relevant history, geographical setting, social institutions, religion and aesthetics, living conditions, social security, health care and language among others. The company at hand is Dogfish Head and was started in June 1995 with the intention of bringing original beer, original food and original music to the area surrounding the resort beach community of Rehoboth Beach, Delaware (Dogfish, 2016). The company now intends to expand its operations to Czech Republic with its major export product being beer. Brief Discussion of Czech’s Beer History Indeed, Czech has a long history of beer brewing estimated at more than a thousand years. Earliest evidence of a brewery in Czech was discovered a few years ago by historians and it is now nearly certain that it was founded in 993 at Brevnov Monastery in Prague. However, before the confirmation of that date, reference to brewing in Czech was thought to be in 1088 when the use of hops for brewing was first mentioned by Vratislav II. It is also worth noting that much of the early beer was brewed usingShow MoreRelatedGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 PagesGLOBALIZATION AND IT EFFECTS ON CULTURAL INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC. INTRODUCTION I. AN OVERVIEW. With the growing standards of the world and the existing concepts and complexities in political, economic and socio-cultural ideologies, man has always and continuously pondered over the aspects of his nature. Unity, equality, trade and commerce are at the forefront of mans complexities. With these thoughts in mind, man has moved through history trying to satisfy his desiresRead MoreEffective Cross Cultural Methods in Managing an Internaional Team3236 Words   |  13 PagesThis article will follow up cultural differences in business context and approach personal experiences of managing an international team. Main aim is to highlight the likely obstacles when cooperating with employees from different countries of the world and to find possible solutions for problems which are mention in the next paragraphs. Of course, this is not a guaranteed recipe for how to deal with all the crises that may occur in an international team, but it is a personal experience and inspirationRead MoreA Brief Note On Climate Change, Biodiversity, And Discrimination Against Minority Groups Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesCyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden. From a time period of 2015-05-30--2015-06-08. For this data collection project, I wanted to focus on countries that came from a wide range of economic and social backgrounds. The purpose of doing so was to gain a better understanding on howRead MoreDoing Business in Europe: Cultural Considerations1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe definition of culture offered in one textbook is â€Å"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man person as a member of society.† Potential cultural issues: o Difference in cultural habits and norms. Space. Space is perceived differently. Americans will feel crowded where people from more densely populated countries in Europe will be comfortable. Time. Monochronic cultures tend to value precise schedulingRead More The European Union Essay4438 Words   |  18 Pagesof the Eastern European nations, many people wonder how far the Union intends to expand. Although the Eastern countries require enormous help to reach economic stability, many of their culture align closely with that of Western Europe. Turkey’s cultural identity differs slightly from the majority of other European nations, though they still identify themselves as European. But with their ascension, people have considered that expansion could continue through the Middle East. The ConstitutionRead MoreA Research Carried Out By Geert Hofstede And His Colleagues, Identifying Study Procedures And Overall Outcomes1758 Words   |  8 Pagesprogramming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others’ (Hofstede, 2012). Hofstede’s findings were influenced by his former occupation as an IBM employee, inspiring his most significant work in advancing the cultural dimensions theory. Management methods which do not keep up with different national cultures in multinational enterprises can lead to severe conflict. Hofstede’s investigation was carried out by sampling 117,000 IBM employees from 1967 to 1973. TheRead MoreEffective And Ineffective Work Life Balance3171 Words   |  13 Pages2010). Hence, an understanding of the varying socio economic, political and cultural factors affecting employees globally is required to effectively formulate and implement policies, initiatives and techniques that benefit both employees and employers (Kramar and Syed 2012). This coupled with the increase in diversity of the labour market as regards dual-earner couples, aging and young population, greater involvement of women, single parents and employees with dependents, cultural and religious differencesRead MoreGlobal Village2071 Words   |  9 PagesGlobal Village is a term closely associated with Marshall McLuhan,[1] popularized in his books The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962) and Understanding Media (1964). McLuhan describes how the globe has been contracted into a village by electric technology[2] and the instantaneous movement of information from every quarter to every point at the same time [3]. In bringing all social and political functions together in a su dden implosion, electric speed has heightened human awarenessRead MoreThe Story of a High-Tech Entrepreneur in a Low-Tech World2145 Words   |  9 Pagesby managers.† Additionally, Johansson and Vahlne state, â€Å"Only by doing business in a specific country is it possible to learn how customers, intermediaries, competitors, and public authorities act and react in different situations. This subtle understanding of the market can never be replaced by general market information and surveys. This means that it takes time to develop foreign business skills and knowledge and that the skills and the knowledge are associated with the specific situations andRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace5680 Words   |  23 PagesSURFACE LEVEL DIVERSITY, DEEP LEVEL DIVERSITY, AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ABSTRACT Surface level diversity is the mixture of people who differentiate by sex, race or ethnicity, and the observably physically disabled. These differences typically cannot be changed and are easy to measure because they are visual. Deep level diversity are differences such as personality and attitudes that can be communicated through verbal and nonverbal behaviors. Diversity can be affiliated with socio-economic

Informal Essay on My Advice to Freshmen

Informal Essay on My Advice to Freshmen My Advice to Freshmen So, you’ve decided to enter college and succeeded to do it – that’s great! I hope that you are proud of yourself, as you’ve done a great job and so much is waiting for you in future! In this essay I want to present a couple of useful tips that will make your adaptation to college life easier and more pleasant. First of all, you had better forget the order of life that is familiar to you from school. In college no one will force you to study if you don’t want to. But in case you don’t study, you will just get expelled and will lose a considerable amount of time. But is it what you strived for? I don’t think so. In the beginning the overall situation in college will seem strange for you, but the most important thing here is not to get lost and not to get scared. The initial stage of adaptation is hard whenever you change it significantly; thus, you can consider college to be your first adaptation rehearsal. Always ask questions; especially ask your professors so as not to make extra mistakes. In this way your teachers will see your desire to study and they will definitely like it. As for your classmates, they will also perceive it in the right way if you are self-confident enough to explain them who you are and why you want to study. On the whole, self-confidence is one of the main traits of character, without which a person just cannot achieve anything worthwhile in his life. But don’t worry if you don’t feel in this way when entering college. I am sure that this trait will be properly trained in the course of your studying here. On balance, I want to

Gun Control Controls Nothing Essays - 2560 Words

More and more frequently, we are saddened by the news of mass shootings. Whether it takes place in a school or public area, these shootings are both disastrous and mortifying. Families begin to feel anger and sadness, and demand immediate justice. Although these terrible events continue to happen, there have been no significant steps taken towards the reduction in the number of weapons; specifically assault rifles. This leads one to question do we need to ban the right to possess such weapons? If the possession of these weapons is not made illegal, we run the risk of another attack. While there is no questioning the severity of these mass shootings, a ban on assault rifles is not the answer because they are not the cause of such events,†¦show more content†¦The bill definitely has good intentions, but the fact of the matter is that these shootings are anomalies. Since 2006, there have only been six cases in which ten or more people were killed in a given shooting (USA Today) . Therefore, these are not common events. At less than once per year for the last seven years, it is something that might even go unnoticed had there not been a great deal of news coverage following such events. To add to that, out of the 231 mass killings in the United States in the last seven years, only a mere thirty-two of these cases have been due to guns (USA Today). This means that there are many more important issues than assault rifles when it comes to the prevention of mass shootings. One of the main issues with mass shootings is not the guns but the people who wield the guns. In the United States, less than six percent of people are considered to have â€Å"serious† mental disorders (National Institute of Mental Health). Less than one percent of that number would even be at the risk of committing as catastrophic a crime as a mass shooting. This is the type of person who would do such a thing. Again, this is not common at all. We are talking about a handful of peopl e in the whole country, yet news coverage and popular opinion makes it out to be a common event. Seung-Hui Cho, the Virginia Tech Massacre killer who murdered 32 people onShow MoreRelatedBrief History of the Nra1739 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of the NRA The National Rifle Association in its simplest form is the largest gun club in the world. The organization was founded in 1871 by former Union Army officers to encourage sport shooting in order to have a fine tuned militia in case of emergency. The Union officers believed that a well regulated militia was integral for the security of a free state. It is an organization that opposes gun control, it believes in the individual defense of the uses of firearms, and it is interestedRead MoreEssay The Necessity of Gun Control2422 Words   |  10 PagesNecessity of Gun Control Gun control is one of the most debatable topics today. Thirty-three million Americans own firearms for hunting (Aitkens 9). But hunting is not the sole reason for which many individuals buy firearms. Of all countries, the United States is the one which is troubled most by a large number of criminals who are in possession of guns. The U.S. has the highest firearm murder rate of any democracy in the world (Aitkens 5). Where is the country going wrong as far as gun control is concernedRead MoreSelf Control And Its Effect On Society2092 Words   |  9 Pagespeace to all, one must first discipline and control one s own mind. If a man can control his mind he can find the way to Enlightenment, and all wisdom and virtue will naturally come to him.† Self control is the restraint from oneself and actions, particularly in one’s desires and emotions. It separates us, humans, from ancient ancestors as well as the rest of the animal kingdom. When one has the chance to enact poorly an d cause harm to others, self control is the essential aspect one must learn toRead More We Must Be Put To an End to Gun Control in America Essay2208 Words   |  9 Pagescontroversial problems. With strict gun control, Americans cannot feel safe, and to some the thought of not being able to use a firearm in self-defense is very frightening. We Americans should never have to be in fear of not being able to protect ourselves, especially in the comfort of our own home. How are strict gun control laws and regulations going to reach the estimated 65 million gun owners that own approximately 240 million firearms (Just Facts Gun Control)? The answer is simple, they can’tRead MoreThe Drawbacks of Gun Control Legislation773 Words   |  3 Pages Gun control is many issues of this nation summed up into two words. In the point of view of some people gun control is a crime issue, while to others it is a rights issue. Gun control also is a safety issue and believe it or not, an education issue. Within each of these problems, there are those who want gun control legislation, and those like myself, who want less gun control legislation. The second amendment states that we as citizens have the right to bear arms and protectRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1541 Words   |  7 PagesThe past few years in the U.S has seen a steady rise in gun violence. In 2014 according to gunviolencearchive.org there were 280 mass shootings and in 2015 alone, there were over 300 mass shooting events in the U.S (GVA 1). But still there has been little to no changes in gun control legislation or regulations. Many supporters of gun control now feel that any form of legislation will never be passed when, after the tragedy of the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary school 26 people-- 6 adults and 20Read MoreEssay on An Argument Against Gun Control773 Words   |  4 PagesArgument Against Gun Control An Argument Against Gun Control As long ago as 1789, the creators of the Constitution realized the importance of guns in American society. The Second Amendment states,A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. No loopholes, or legal caches exist in this statement. The Founding Fathers allow for no restriction of the private ownership of firearmsRead MoreGun Control And The Federal Government892 Words   |  4 PagesFor years gun control advocates pushed for a law passed by the federal government. For years this has not worked as the government has not wanted to touch the matter and have potential backlash. Although the federal government has not done much and does not seem to be doing anything any time soon, the states have huge potential to start the change. State governments can decide what laws can be passed and how serious their guns laws will and should be. Since the rise of mass shootings in schoolsRead Moregun control research essay1222 Words   |  5 Pages ProCon.org recently featured an article that studied gun control. â€Å"Stricter state gun laws associated with fewer gun deaths, study finds.† The article discussed gun control laws in states with stricter laws tend to have lower rates of gun related homicides, and a suicide (ProCon para. 1) Gun control in the United States is becoming a wide spread issue and is becoming a problem everywhere. Although I am living in a city with uprising crime that has been skyrocketing over the years, I wasn’t awareRead MorePolitical Climate Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesjudicial branch ruled that President Trump was within his constitutional authority to impose a travel ban to enhance the nation’s security. President Donald Trump emphatically supports his views on immigration and his â€Å"huge beautiful wall† which falls nothing short of â€Å"When Mexico sends its people, they’re not sending their best†¦ They’re sending people that have lots of p roblems, and they’re bringing those problems with us. They’re bringing drugs. They’re bringing crime. They’re rapists. And some, I assume

Charles Darwin s Views On Evolution And Evolution

Mutual exclusivity is a concept that pertains to two or more events, in which the occurrence of one, precludes the occurrence of the other. Creationism and evolution are two notions that can be viewed as mutually exclusive or non-mutually exclusive, depending on the evidence that you are provided with as well as one’s personal beliefs. In order to appreciate this concept it is important to understand the meanings of both opposing arguments. Creationism is the belief that the universe and living creatures originate from specific acts of divine creation, as is seen in the Bible, rather than by natural processes such as evolution. Evolution, on the other hand, is the process by which different kinds of living organisms are believed to have advanced from earlier forms during the history of planet earth. This is a highly controversial topic and has attracted the attention of many famous scientists looking to disprove creationism and prove evolution. One of the most famous being Charles Darwin. A popular synonym for evolution is the word â€Å"Darwinism†, therefore showing that Charles Darwin was a fully committed believer of the theory of evolution. The evidence behind the evolution theory depicts the earth to be around four and a half billion years old. It also clearly states that all life on earth evolved from primitive, single celled organisms. In 1859 Charles Darwin published his novel â€Å"The Origin of Species† which is suggestive against creationism and for natural selection.Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Science And Technology1454 Words   |  6 Pagesscience. Science is crucial because it has helped form the world that we live in today. Charles Robert Darwin was an English geologist and naturalist, best known for his significant addition to the science of evolution. He had a theory that all species have inherited traits over time from common ancestors, and in a partnership with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this pattern of evolution resulted from an action that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existenceRead MoreThe Scientific Theory Of Science And Technology144 9 Words   |  6 Pagesscience. Science is crucial because it has helped form the world that we live in today. Charles Robert Darwin was an English geologist and naturalist, best known for his significant addition to the science of evolution. He had a theory that all species have inherited traits over time from common ancestors, and in a partnership with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this pattern of evolution resulted from an action that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existenceRead MoreEvolution Of Evolution And Natural Selection967 Words   |  4 PagesEvolution and Revolution What do a sponge and bird have in common? Believe it or not, they share a common origin. In the film, Darwin s Tree of Life, the narrator, David Attenborough, presents the audience with the theory of evolution as documented by Charles Darwin in the 1800 s. The video is based on Darwin s perspective of evolution and natural selection. Darwin s findings were revolutionary and caused out-rage among the religious who believed in the story of creation beginning with AdamRead MoreEssay On Charles Darwin1339 Words   |  6 PagesCharles Darwin History Charles Darwin was born on the 12th of February 1809 – 19th April 1882. He was born in a merchant town of Shrewsbury, England. He was the second youngest of his six siblings. Darwin’s mother, Susanna, died when he was only 8 years old. He attended the University of Edinburgh Medical School (at the time the best medical school in the UK) with his brother Erasmus in October 1825. Darwin found lectures dull and surgery stressful, so he neglected his studies. Charles Darwin diedRead MoreThe Scopes Trial And Creationism1053 Words   |  5 PagesCreationism and Evolution have always been a topic in America since the Scopes Trial. The Scopes Trial took place in 1928 when the Supreme Court was deciding whether schools should teach Evolution or Creationism. The foundation of evolution is based upon the belief that the origin of all ordered complex systems, including living creatures, can be explained by natural laws without the intervention of God. In that trial the Supreme Court came to a conclusion that Evolution was banned and that creationismRead MoreHow Charles Darwin Changed the World Forever1409 Words   |  6 Pageseverything from the way we see everyday events in the world, and that man is Charles Darwin. Charles Darwin was a scientist who discovered the origin of life through a study on the Galapagos Islands. Before Darwin’s discovery, the world was looked upon as God’s playground where everything happened because of him. For example, if something bad happened to someone’s family like a disease it would be because they have angered God. Darwin lived during the dawn of reasoning and questioning. Men were now askingRead MoreDr. Charles. Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1714 Words   |  7 PagesDr. Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist. He is best known for his contributions to the theory of evolution. He stated that all species have descended over time from common ancestors. With his joint publication with Alfred Russell Wallace he introduced the process called natural selection. Darwin published his theory of evolution in 1859 with a book, On the Origin of Species; many people rejected his idea of natural selection and his theory of evolution. By the 1870’s theRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Social Darwinism1336 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought to our attention, and a lot of them have come from Charles Darwin. Many of them have been proven but many of them are still up for speculation. One of them stuck out among most though, and it is a very talked about subject. Charles Darwin stated the theory of Social Darwinism where people presumed the weak thrive and resulted in the survival of only the fittest. Living fossils were another topic that Darwin came up with. Even though Darwin founded this theory many different men elaborated onRead MoreWhat Would Darwin Say?872 Words   |  4 Pages What Would Darwin Say? Religion and Evolution Katrina Venta ANT 111 Professor Emerson February 12, 2017 Science without religion is lame; religion without science is blind.† —Albert Einstein For centuries, science and religion have been rendered rather incompatible. People from both sides of the argument have tried to prove why religion and science are not intertwined, while some have argued that both can coexist. If Charles Darwin were alive today doing more research, IRead MoreNatural Selection And The Theory Of Evolution1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Theory of Evolution were just two of the things that Charles Darwin conquered through the exploration of The Galapagos Island. Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. While Darwin was still in high school, his main interest was nature, he was especially interested in beetles. Darwin’s father, Robert Darwin, who was best known as the father of the naturalist Charles Darwin, wanted Charles to become a doctor. Due to lack on interest in the medicine field, Charles went into Cambridge

In The Mouth of The Whale free essay sample

I sat on an uneven tooth that bit into the flesh of my legs; the roof of the cavernous mouth loomed above, threatening to chomp down at a moment’s notice. This was the mouth of the whale, my private place for personal reflection. A place where everything was symbolic, where nothing happened by chance. Protected by massive rocks and surrounded by deep waters no one could disturb my tranquility. I turned to the rocks to my right. In a small cavity on the tooth was a pool of water where a spider lay dying. He flailed his small, hairy legs once or twice weakly then his grew still. I assumed the worst. During my lifetime of arachnophobia I had slain hundreds of his cousins, I was a feared figure in the order of araneae. I turned and watched the sea as it flowed over my feet. A few minutes later my curiosity drew me back to the pool. We will write a custom essay sample on In The Mouth of The Whale or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The spider now stood proudly by the waterside, defiantly he flung drops of dew from his legs. I may have judged this spider too early; I set my anti-spiderist tendencies aside for a moment so I could focus on what it had to teach. I watched the spider intently as it cleaned itself. His legs worked furiously to rid itself of water. Every minute or so it would move a few inches; regaining his bearings as he continued his cleaning. He turned and faced me for a second before he flipped around and began his long journey out of the mouth of the whale. He scuttled in and out of depressions, over rocky outcroppings thousands of times larger than himself, sidestepping pebbles half his size until he reached the whale’s stony lips. Then he turned around one more time. His many eyes took one last look at me, my body reflected and compounded a hundred times in its vision, before he disappeared forever. I sat and meditated; my only thought the sound of the ocean, the biting of the rocks was forgotten and the sand had long since warmed. Inhale, exhale. Inhale, exhale. Inhale†¦ then I understood. The spider was me. I had been drowning in a deep polluted pool for half a year. As I sunk deeper and deeper into its fathomless depths I began gasping for air. All I had found, for months and months, was the polluted drink that had been my prison. It burned as it passed through my throat but it burned so good. As I gulped the drink down it had corrupted me from the inside out, it had destroyed me. Then one day I washed up on the shore of the pool. I coughed and coughed, blind and soaked. But slowly I cleaned myself off, regained my focus, detoxified my body. It was not an easy task. Before I stumbled into the mouth of the whale I was a shell of who I had once been. I could not enjoy my day-to-day life. Once I had the ability to look adversity in the eye and laugh in its face, I was able to make light of the worst situations and cheer up others even in my worst depressions. I’d often cheer myself up in the process. But then I began to drown in that toxic pool and every little misfortune became a cataclysmic life-shattering torment. My friends couldn’t stand me anymore (I don’t blame them, I wasn’t being myself). They were used to a man who took abuse with a smile, not a sad sack of sorrow draining all positive vibes from a room. They wondered why the man who was once able to achieve whatever he set himself to, who could leap over every hurdle thrown before him, was now a doormat unable to assert his wants and needs. I was a wet wanderer without direction. But I found my way into the mouth of the whale. I explored its rough edges and learned its many lessons. I was reborn on its rough, wet, sandy tongue. But there was one more lesson I had to learn. I was the spider. It was time to leave the mouth of the whale, reborn.

Unemployment in Pakistan free essay sample

We dedicate this research report to our parents, to whom we owe everything that life has given us And to our inspirational instructor,†¦ Without whose guidance and encouragement all this would not have been possible. Contents Introduction03 The Historical Perspective05 Causes of Unemployment06 Impacts on Pakistani Society07 Data Analysis09 Remedies14 Conclusion16 Bibliography16 INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS †¢ ‘The unavailability of jobs for the inhabitants of a society is called unemployment’. In economics‘One who is willing to work at a prevailing wage rate yet is unable to find a paying job is considered to be unemployed’. TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT There are seven main types of unemployment. 1. CYLINDRICAL When there is not enough aggregate demand for the labor. 2. FRICTIONAL When moving from one job to another, the unemployment temporarily experienced when looking for a new job. 3. STRUCTURAL Experienced when the structure of an industry or skill demand s changes in mainly: 1. Switching from a declining industry to a rapidly growing one. We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment in Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Pace of change in the tastes of people. 3. Regional structure of industry. 4. TECHNOLOGICAL Caused by the replacement of workers by machines or other advanced technology. 5. CLASSICAL When real wage for a job are set above the market-clearing level, commonly government (as with the minimum wage) or unions, although some (such as Murray Roth bard,) suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to the market clearing level. 6. MARXIAN When unemployment is needed to motivate workers to work hard and to keep wages down, to preserve profitability. 7. SEASONAL When an industry only is in demand certain times. For example, construction work, certain segments of agriculture, ski slopes, shopping mall Santas, and snow plow services. CATEGORIES OF UNEMPLOYMENT 1. Unemployment of unskilled or semi-skilled. 2. Rural unemployment. 3. Unemployment of educated young. Unemployment of women. 4. Industrial unemployment 5. Temporary or seasonal unemployment. THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The Historical perspective on unemployment is very interesting. In fact, it has at times been called one of the causes of the collapse of Roman Empire. This shows that the issue is not new to mankind. But for a third world country like Pakistan, the perspective is even more interesting. When Pakistan was made in 1947, the country had not much of an industrial infrastructure and agriculture was the back bone of the economy. More than 70% of the population was associated with agriculture. But as time went on a few major problems started taking heavy toll. CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT There are three broad groups of causes. [pic] Natural Rate of Unemployment Due to various reasons no country can achieve 100% employment. There always exists a minimum rate of unemployment which is around 3-4 %. It is called natural rate of unemployment. This inevitable unemployment occurs because some people are searching employment. They are new young men and women entering job market. There is some structural unemployment which occurs because some old industries are dying e. g. handloom weavers, cart men, village blacksmith etc. have to shift to new jobs. Some people are unemployed due to seasonal nature of their work. Demand –Deficient Unemployment This occurs because either there is depression in economy, or because development of industries and other sectors of economy is slower than the rate of increase of population. Aggregate demand may also fall due to political disturbances and factories may close down. Government may also decrease its expenditure. Excessive-Wage Unemployment When workers are demanding too high real wages, there will be unemployment There are many other causes as well: OTHER CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT Poverty Poverty and unemployment are twins. A poor person has fewer chances of finding employment or creating self-employment. And on the other hand, poverty is the destiny of unemployed. Rapid Population Growth Pakistan’s population is rising fast. Growth rate of our population is 2% which is one of the highest in the world. About a million new people are entering the job market each year. On the other side expansion in the employment opportunities is not enough to absorb all the new job seekers. Scarcity of Capital Capital is needed to put people to work. Employment opportunities cannot be expanded unless tools, equipment and materials are available in sufficient quantity. But there is serious shortage of capital in Pakistan. Capital is created through investment. However, due to our limited saving capacity, rate of investment remains low. Mechanization of Agriculture and Automation in Manufacturing Due to increased use of machinery in agriculture, rural population is getting unemployed. A tractor and tube well displaces scores of people. The surplus agricultural labor seeks employment in urban centers. Similarly in many industries the use of automatic machinery and computers reduces the number of required workers. Slow Industrial Development Due to various economic, social and political reasons the progress of large and small scale industry is slow. Enough jobs are not available in industrial sector to absorb the surplus labor from agriculture. Loans are misused. Instead of establishing industries, the people get these loans written off through political influence. Imbalance in Education Most of the students opt for general education. They want to get some white-collar job in an office. They are not interested in vocational training. The result is that when they leave educational institutions, they have degrees but no work training. Employment opportunities for such people are limited. Capital Intensive Industries Most of the large and medium size industries are capital intensive i. e. the need huge funds, but fewer human hands. Labor intensive industries can create more job opportunities. Biased Attitude for Public Sector Employment In our country government jobs have more prestige than a similar job in private sectors. Government service means less effort, security of service, more chances for corruption and misuse of power. Private jobs demand more labor and involve risk. So people prefer to become an office clerk than to work as a private electrician. But government jobs cannot be expanded to employ every candidate. Seasonal Unemployment Seasonal unemployment occurs in agriculture and some other industries like fan and air-cooler industry. IMPACTS ON PAKISTANI SOCIETY The impacts on the society usually are negative, and that is why unemployment is generally considered a menace. But, though very few, there are some advantages of this as well. These may not be to the bulk of the society or the common man, but some classes do benefit from this menace. DISADVANTAGES Lacking a job often means lacking social contact with fellow employees, a purpose for many hours of the day, lack of self-esteem, mental stress and illness, and of course, the inability to pay bills and to purchase both necessities and luxuries. This last is especially serious for those with family obligations, debts, and/or medical costs, where the availability of health insurance is often linked to holding a job. Dr. M. Harvey Brenner, among others, has shown that increasing unemployment raises the crime rate, the suicide rate, and encourages bad health. However, during the Great Depression, when unemployment rates exceeded 20% in many countries, the crime rate did not increase. Because unemployment insurance in the U. S. typically does not even replace 50% of the income one received on the job (and one cannot receive it forever), the unemployed often end up tapping welfare programs such as Food Stamps — or accumulating debt, both formal debt to banks and informal debt to friends and relatives. Higher government transfer payments in the form of welfare and food stamps decrease spending on productive economic goods, decreasing GDP. Psychological Impacts The feared cost of job loss can spur psychological anxiety, weaken labor unions and their members sense of solidarity, encourage greater work-effort and lower wage demands, and/or abet protectionism. This last means efforts to preserve existing jobs (of the insiders) via barriers to entry against outsiders who want jobs, legal obstacles to immigration, and/or tariffs and similar trade barriers against foreign competitors. The impact of unemployment on the employed is related to the idea of Marxian unemployment. Finally, the existence of significant unemployment raises the monopsony power of ones employer: that raises the cost of quitting ones job and lowers the probability of finding a new source of livelihood. Economic Impacts From Okuns law we know that for every 2% fall in GNP relative to potential GNP, the unemployment rate rises by 1% point. High unemployment is a symptom of waste — for during recessions, when unemployment is high, the economy is not producing up to high level. When economy is not producing sufficiently, we can say that we are unable to use our full resources for production purposes. Economy will not grow as fast as it can if become able to produce at high level. Social Impacts However large the cost to economy of unemployment, a recounting of Rupees lost does not adequately convey the human, social and psychological toll that periods of persistent involuntary unemployment bring. Although unemployment has plagued capitalism, the Industrial Revolution, understanding its causes and costs has been possible only with the rise of modern macroeconomic theory. It is apparent that recessions and the associated high unemployment are extremely costly to the economy. The Suicide Attempts The governments all is well claims are belied by the rise in suicide cases around the country. All is well, and yet it appears as if a sense of despair and depression prevails among many of the people, who increasingly appear to lack the ability or patience to face life in these stressful days. The average mind is plagued with economic difficulties, unemployment, crime and terrorism, and these lower the threshold for the bearing of discomfort According to figures released by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, there were at least 362 suicides and 320 attempted suicides in Pakistan only during the first quarter of 2005. Last year saw a record 1,825 suicides all over Pakistan, mostly committed by people inflicted by poverty and unemployment. ADVANTAGES Benefits for the entire economy arising from unemployment include that it keeps inflation from being high, following the Phillips curve, or from accelerating, following the NAIRU/natural rate of unemployment theory. Also, a small amount of frictional unemployment allows employers to find the employees most suited to the jobs offered, while allowing workers to find the jobs that better fit their tastes, talents, and needs. This amount may be very small, however, since it is relatively easy to seek a new job without losing ones current one. As in the Marxian theory of unemployment, special interests may also benefit: employers often like having their employees in fear of losing their jobs, and thus working hard, keeping their wage demands low, etc. As noted, unemployment may increase employers monophony power. Unemployment may thus promote labor productivity and profitability. Some say that slow economic growth and the resulting unemployment are actually good, since the constantly needed growth of the GDP cannot be sustained forever, given resource constraints and environmental impacts. But others ask if it is fair to burden the unemployed (usually those at the bottom of the economic heap) with the costs of limiting the use of resources and the abuse of the environment. DATA ANALYSIS Given below are some data regarding the present and past states of unemployment in Pakistan. Here the date are given only to refer to in the coming chapter(s). The analysis of this data will be done in the coming chapter. Hence the deductions, predictions and any suggestions rooting from the data will follow in the later chapters. According to the Labor Force Survey (LFS) FY04, the unemployment rate has improved from 8. 3 percent in FY02 to 7. 7 percent in FY04. Thus, 41. 8 million persons were employed in 2003-04 compared to 38. 9 million in 2001-02. In other words, the economy added 2. 9 million new jobs during this two year period. Of these additional jobs, 1. 5 million went to males while 1. 4 million to females. The highest number of new jobs – 1. million – were created in the agriculture sector. The decline in unemployment rates looks even more attractive as it has taken place despite an increase in labor force from 42. 4 million in FY02 to 45. 2 million people in FY04 (see Figure 1). A part of this increase in labor force is attributed to a relatively higher participation level in FY04. While these developments appear t o be encouraging, it is also important to understand the sources of the Improvement, as this can provide guidance for policy formulation to further reduces the unemployment rates in the country. The aim of this section is to perform regional and gender wise analysis to identify he major contributors in improved employment rates during FY02 to FY04. A closer look at the LFS data of the two years provides some interesting insights: †¢ The province-wise data shows that improvement in the employment rate was not across the board. As shown in Figure 2, during the period understudy, unemployment rates increased in Sindh and Balochistan. The unemployment rate in Sindh increased mainly due to relatively higher increase in labor force. While NWFP recorded a marginal improvement (of 0. 5 percentage points), it was only Punjab province that saw a major decline of 1. 14 percentage points in unemployment rates. As more than 60 percent of labor forced is in Punjab, this improvement also resulted in declining the overall unemployment rates. †¢ A comparison of unemployment trends in rural and urban areas exhibits that unemployment rates in rural areas declined more rapidly than that in urban areas (see Tables 1). However, the rural unemployment rates increased in both Sindh and Balochistan, while the urban unemployment rate only increased in Sindh. Looking at the gender-wise data depicts that fall in unemployment rates was more pronounced in case of females. Specifically, at aggregate level the unemployment rates of males and females declined by 0. 1 and 3. 8 percentage points, respectively. However, as females only account for around 18 percent of the entire labor force, larger improvement in this category only partially translated into a lower overall fall unemployment rates. It is interesting to note that female employment rates recorded improvement in all the provinces during FY02 to FY04 (see Table 1). As the decline in female unemployment rate is more pronounced and broad base, it is pertinent to pay more emphasis on analyzing its declining trend. Accordingly, rest of the section is designed to analyze the fall in female unemployment rate in more details. Looking further into the female employment rates, though the improvement was more for urban female (i. e. , 4. 10 percentage point for urban compared 3. 22 percentage points for rural), its impact on overall unemployment rate was limited as only 21 percent of female labor force is living in urban areas. Hence, the improvement in rural unemployment contributed more significantly to the overall decline in female’s unemployment rates, particularly in Punjab that holds 82 percent of the total rural female labor force. It is important to note that the employment of the rural females increased despite a considerable rise in female Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR). 3 Specifically, the female LFPR improved by 1. 3 percentage point during FY02 to FY04 (see Table 2), which is significantly higher than the 0. 7 percentage point increase for males. [pic] The bulk of the female labor force was employed as unpaid family helpers, especially in rural areas of Punjab (see Table 3). A significant increase in category during FY02 to FY04 contributed around 77 percent in total fall in female’s unemployment rates. A possible reason for the increase in unpaid family helper may be enhanced opportunities of employment in agriculture due to increased growth rate in recent years. 6 Another reason could be the better coverage of females, which is clearly reflected in lower sex ratio7 (according to LFS, the sex ratio has declined from 107 in FY02 to 105 for FY04). The distribution of female labor force by major sectors also supports the view that employment gains are concentrated in female unpaid family workers, as the largest increase in the female’s employment was seen in Agriculture and allied industry (see Table 4 5). Similarly, the data of major occupational groups reveals that the increase in the female labor force is concentrated in agriculture and fishery workers (see Table 6). The increase in urban female employment was mainly in community services, manufacturing and construction industry. Similarly occupational distribution of urban females shows that the employment increase in category of unskilled, craft and trade related workers (see Table 4 5). [pic] Conclusion While there is an evident decline in the unemployment rate, this gain is largely concentrated in rural areas, particularly in females, and is visible in higher number of unpaid family helper. This view is also supported by rising share of agriculture and allied industry in the distribution of female labor force by major industries. Further, in terms of occupational groups, agriculture and fishery witnessed significant increases that support the view that rural female unpaid family helpers are the major beneficiary of employment gains. Table 7, shows the unemployment rates, rank and percentage change in unemployment in Pakistan, for the past few years. This again presents a rosy picture as Pakistan is continuously moving in the better direction according to all indicators. |Year |Unemployment rate |Rank |Percent Change | |2003 |7. 0% |119 | | |2004 |7. 70% |122 |-1. 28 % | |2005 |8. 30% |75 |7. 79 % | |2006 |6. 60% |65 |-20. 48 % | Table 7: Changes In Unemployment Over The Years UNEMPLOYMENT†¦ WHAT IS TO COME Table 8 presents an overview of the change in Unemployment rates due to changes in population, employment generation and the effect it has on the labor force available. This table gives the trends seen in these variables in the past few years and based on these the changes to come in the next few years. This shows a good positive picture and proves that the steps being taken are showing some effect. But a lot more needs to be done, and this can be done by decreasing the exponential increase in population. As the table shows, the population rate increases vociferously and has a negative effect on the employment rate. The Table also shows that as employment generation increases from 43. 15 to 50. 12 from 2004-05 to 2009-10, the unemployed population decreases from 3. 51 in 2004-05 to 2. 9 in 2009-10. But this goes with an increase in population in 2004-05 from 153. 45 millions to 167. 52 millions in 2009-10. This gives a clue about what could be done if the population increase rate is decreased. Even with this increase rate, the employment generation rate is increasing and the unemployment shows a decrease. This shows what difference can be made if th e population increase is somehow slowed down. This is where the role of a common man, in fact that of every citizen of Pakistan, exists. Government of Pakistan is doing its role, as the stats for Unemployment and employment generation show. In fact, it is the responsibility of common man that is not being fulfilled. [pic] Table 8: Labor Force and Employment, What Has Come What Is To Come The graph (Fig. 3) shows that in the past few and the coming few years the employment generation presents an increase and the unemployment rate presents a decrease. This again is a positive indicator and shows that the steps being taken have a positive impact. [pic]Fig. 3: Relative Trends of Unemployment and Employment Generation REMEDIES Population Control This is the single most important method to reduce unemployment. When the growth of population will slow down, the number of job seekers will be lower to match the availability. Steps such as spread of education, popularization of the concept of small family and improvements in status of women should be adopted to reduce birth rate. Increase in Capital Formation More capital means rapid economic development. In order to increase capital accumulation, savings should be encouraged. Foreign capital also helps to undertake new projects. Rapid Industrial Growth Final solution for unemployment lies, on the one hand, on slow population growth and on the other hand, on rapid expansion of industry. It is industry, which can provide not only jobs but also higher incomes to eradicate poverty. Small Scale Industries Since small scale industries are more labor intensive, so in industrial policy, development of such industries should be encouraged. Technical Training and Skill Formation There should be more emphasis on imparting technical training and skills to the people. In the future development of our economy, only skilled persons have scope for employment. Encouragement of Self-employment Through suitable financial schemes, self-employment be encouraged in the form of small business, workshops, clinics etc. Diversification of Agriculture Instead of concentrating on formal crops, activities allied to agriculture should be expanded e. g. fruit growing, dairy, poultry, fish and bee farming, processing and packaging of foods. Change in Social Attitudes Through education, people’s attitude towards work and jobs needs to be changed. Manual labor should be given due respect so that young people willingly adopt it. They should be taught not to hesitate to work in factories. Government Policy The government through various steps and policies has always encouraged creation of employment opportunities. In this regard programs like Khushal Pakistan are helpful. Prior to Khushal Pakistan, Social Action and Taameer-e-Watan programs had been followed. By concentrating on small projects, these programs create large number of jobs. SMEDA (Small and medium enterprises development authority) has been established to promote small business and increase employment opportunities. 1. Education and Training The most important contribution that the national governments can make to economic growth and an efficient labor market is education and training. According to the UNDP report there is overwhelming evidence that the best investment countries can make is the basic education. The fact that the retrenchment displaced thousands, the majority of whom were not equipped to take up the new activities, and with fewer new job opportunities many of which are less well paid, less secure and of lower quality also pose many challenges for the government in Pakistan. However, while many public sector enterprises were forced to cut their work force the government can still ease the situation by focusing its attention on the transfer of employment from declining to growing sectors. It is important that the opportunities to increase employment in declining sectors should not be forgotten. For instance, Pakistan has the biggest canal network in the world. While the agriculture sector still remains the biggest employer in the country the project to clean the canals to facilitate smooth flow of water to the end users is a must to increase productivity in agriculture as over 60 per cent of exports pertain to a single commodity— cotton. Investment in irrigation can create new jobs in the labor intensive sector of the country. Tens of thousands of employees in the private sector have lost their jobs during the last couple of years including over 20,000 in nationalized banks and state-run non-banking financial institutions; Pakistan International Airlines, Steel Mills, Karachi Port Trust, Karachi Water and Sewerage Board, Railways, and many government ministries and departments. CONCLUSION Pakistan’s economy and rate of employment is in a much better position these days then it was prior to 1999. Economy has achieved macroeconomic stability as revealed by the performance of all relevant indicators. The GDP growth rate has shown substantial improvement. In the future, the performance of Pakistan’s economy will depend upon the interplay of domestic, regional, and international factors. First, on the domestic front, the performance of the economy depends upon the continuity of structural reforms imposed by the government of General Musharraf. These reforms overhauled the major structures of the economy and unemployment and are the beginning point for strengthening the institutions of economic governance in the nation. Success in continuing implementation of governance reforms, police reforms, administrative reforms, social sector reforms, and so on, will determine the future course of action. Pakistan’s economy has shown a fair degree of improvement since General Musharraf’s initiatives in these areas, but the possibility remains that it may again fall victim to vested interests, returning the country to an institutional graveyard of inefficiency and corruption. The government is not wholly responsible for unemployment. There is a need of contribution from every Pakistani in order to curb this evil of unemployment. Creating awareness among the masses, getting quality education, controlling birth rates and over-population are some of the few major fields; every Pakistani can take part in. We need to realize our roles as responsible citizen of Pakistan. Though far-reaching results cannot be obtained in a blink of the eye but long journeys always begin with a single step. If every Pakistani becomes conscious of his role as an individual, then InshAllah that day would not be far when Pakistan will be at par with the developed countries of the world.

An Outline of the Basic Concepts of Narrative Therapy Essay Example

An Outline of the Basic Concepts of Narrative Therapy Essay Example An Outline of the Basic Concepts of Narrative Therapy Paper An Outline of the Basic Concepts of Narrative Therapy Paper Essay Topic: Narrative Michael white and David Epston are best known for their use of narrative in therapy. According to white individuals construct the meaning of life in interpretive stories which are then treated as truth. Adopting a postmodern, narrative, social constructionist view sheds light on how power knowledge and truth are negotiated in families and other social and cultural contexts. Key concepts Focus narrative therapy involves adopting a shift in focus from most traditional theories. Therapists listen respectfully to clients stories to search for times in the clients lives where they were resourceful, use questions as a way to engage clients, avoid diagnosing and labeling clients, assisting clients in mapping the influence a problem has had on their lives and to assist the client in separating themselves from the dominant stories they have internalized so that creation of new stories can occur. The role of stories the stories we live our lives by shape our reality in that they construct and constitute what we see, feel and do. Clients tend to be the victors or heroes of their own stories and the therapist is privileged to be a part of this unfolding process. Listening with an open mind All social constructionist theories place an emphasis on listening to clients without judgment or blame, affirming and valuing them. Therapists can encourage their clients to reconsider absolutist judgments by moving toward seeing both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† elements in situations. Narrative therapists aim to help clients create new meaning from the stories clients share. As the client tells their story the therapist is able to listen for opportunities where the client was able to overcome difficulties in the past thus highlighting the clients own strengths. One of the therapist’s roles is to remind the client that they are able to capable of managing and overcoming the problems they face even when the client is not able to see this. Another important role the narrative therapist undertakes is to separate the problem from the client by listening and responding. Narrative therapists do not assume an expert stance and clients are the primary interpreters of their own experiences, thus the process of change can be facilitated but not directed by the therapist. The therapeutic process There are several steps in the therapeutic process but it is important to remember that they do not follow a linear progression. Create a mutually acceptable name for the problem with the client Personify the problem and attribute oppressive intentions and tactics to it Investigate how the problem has been disrupting or discouraging the client Invite the client to see his or her story from a different perspective Discover moments when the client wasn’t dominated by the problem Find historical evidence that the client was able to overcome problems in the past As the client to speculate about what kind of future could be expected from this new competent person who is emerging from the newly constructed story Find or create an audience for perceiving and supporting the new story It is more realistic to consider events happening in a cyclical progression containing the following elements; Move problem stories toward externalized descriptions of problems Map the effects of a problem on the individual Listen to signs of strength and competence in an individual’s problem saturated stories Build a new story of competence and document these achievements Therapy goals a general goal of narrative therapy is to invite the client to describe their experience in new and fresh language. In doing this the client explores new possibilities and enables clients to develop new meanings for problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Narrative therapy almost always includes an awareness of the impact of various aspects of the dominant culture on human life. Therapists function and role Act as active facilitators. The concepts of care, interest, respectful curiosity, openness, empathy, contact and even fascination are seen as relational necessity. A main task of the therapist is to help clients construct a preferred story. White and Epston both start with an exploration of the client in relation to the presenting problem. From there they would attempt to separate the client from the problem and in doing so objectify the problem as external to the client. Therapist adopts a not knowing attitude through language choice and avoids diagnosis and pathologising. There are no set formulas or recipes for the practice of narrative therapy. The process will vary with each client because each person (and their stories) is unique. The therapeutic relationship great importance is placed on the qualities the therapist beings to the therapy venture.